Abstract
The amounts of polyamines (PAs) bound to etioplast membranes varied during chloroplast development in cucumber cotyledons ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Racibór). Putrescine (PU) and spermidine (SD) levels increased in the early greening stage (6 h of light exposure) but decreased in the late greening stage (24 h) in the thylakoid‐enriched fraction. In the highly enriched PSIIα fraction, the trend of changes in the amount of bound PAs was different: levels of SD and spermine (SM) increased in the late stage. In both fractions, their levels were additionally increased by kinetin treatment. In the presence of exogenous protein transglutaminase (TGase) substrate ( N ′, N ′‐dimethylcasein) and 5 m M Ca 2+ , kinetin initially caused a marked increase in thylakoid transglutaminase (ThylTGase) activity (6 h), followed by a decrease at the end of greening. The radiometric assay showed that PU and SM binding to thylakoid proteins was very low, while SD binding was seven to eight times higher. Kinetin increased SD conjugation in the early greening stage by about 36%. When chloroplast membranes were fully organized, ThylTGase activity decreased. In etioplast membranes and during the early greening stage, the 77‐kDa and 30‐kDa bands were mainly immunodetected with antibodies raised against the animal TGase, which were in general slightly stronger for kinetin‐treated than the control samples. At the end of greening, the level of 77‐kDa ThylTGase dramatically decreased. ThylTGase activity was found to be Ca 2+ dependent. PAs conjugated via ThylTGase, in addition to the PAs bound by all possible types of linkage, could represent an important component of the mechanism of stimulation of etioplast‐to‐chloroplast transformation by kinetin.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine and spermidine in the thylakoid-enriched fraction rose at 6 h and fell at 24 h.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Outcome
- Putrescine (PU) and spermidine (SD) levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- early greening stage (6 h of light exposure)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Putrescine (PU) and spermidine (SD) levels increased in the early greening stage (6 h of light exposure) but decreased in the late greening stage (24 h) in the thylakoid‐enriched fraction.”
t0“cucumber cotyledons ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Racibór)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine and spermidine in the thylakoid-enriched fraction fell at 24 h.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- Putrescine (PU) and spermidine (SD) levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- late greening stage (24 h)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Putrescine (PU) and spermidine (SD) levels increased in the early greening stage (6 h of light exposure) but decreased in the late greening stage (24 h) in the thylakoid‐enriched fraction.”
t0“cucumber cotyledons ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Racibór)”
Claim · model-written summary
In PSIIα, spermidine and spermine binding rose in the late stage.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- levels of SD and spermine (SM)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- late stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the highly enriched PSIIα fraction, the trend of changes in the amount of bound PAs was different: levels of SD and spermine (SM) increased in the late stage.”
t0“cucumber cotyledons ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Racibór)”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin additionally increased bound polyamine levels in both fractions.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- kinetin treatmente0
- Outcome
- their levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both fractions, their levels were additionally increased by kinetin treatment.”
t0“cucumber cotyledons ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Racibór)”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin initially increased thylakoid transglutaminase activity at 6 h under the specified assay conditions.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- kinetine0
- Outcome
- thylakoid transglutaminase (ThylTGase) activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- 6 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the presence of exogenous protein transglutaminase (TGase) substrate ( N ′, N ′‐dimethylcasein) and 5 m M Ca 2+ , kinetin initially caused a marked increase in thylakoid transglutaminase (ThylTGase) activity (6 h), followed by a decrease at the end of greening.”
t0“cucumber cotyledons ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Racibór)”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin decreased thylakoid transglutaminase activity at the end of greening.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- kinetine0
- Outcome
- thylakoid transglutaminase (ThylTGase) activitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- end of greeninge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the presence of exogenous protein transglutaminase (TGase) substrate ( N ′, N ′‐dimethylcasein) and 5 m M Ca 2+ , kinetin initially caused a marked increase in thylakoid transglutaminase (ThylTGase) activity (6 h), followed by a decrease at the end of greening.”
t0“cucumber cotyledons ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Racibór)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine and spermine binding to thylakoid proteins was very low.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- PU and SM binding to thylakoid proteinse0
- Direction
- very lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The radiometric assay showed that PU and SM binding to thylakoid proteins was very low, while SD binding was seven to eight times higher.”
t0“cucumber cotyledons ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Racibór)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine binding to thylakoid proteins was seven to eight times higher.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- SD bindinge0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- seven to eight timese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The radiometric assay showed that PU and SM binding to thylakoid proteins was very low, while SD binding was seven to eight times higher.”
t0“cucumber cotyledons ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Racibór)”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin increased early spermidine conjugation about 36%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Kinetine0
- Outcome
- SD conjugatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- about 36%e0
- Qualifier
- early greening stagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kinetin increased SD conjugation in the early greening stage by about 36%.”
t0“cucumber cotyledons ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Racibór)”
Claim · model-written summary
Thylakoid transglutaminase activity decreased when chloroplast membranes became fully organized.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- ThylTGase activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- chloroplast membranes were fully organizede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When chloroplast membranes were fully organized, ThylTGase activity decreased.”
t0“cucumber cotyledons ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Racibór)”
Claim · model-written summary
At the etioplast and early greening stages, 77-kDa and 30-kDa bands were mainly immunodetected.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- 77‐kDa and 30‐kDa bands were mainly immunodetectede0
- Qualifier
- etioplast membranes and during the early greening stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In etioplast membranes and during the early greening stage, the 77‐kDa and 30‐kDa bands were mainly immunodetected with antibodies raised against the animal TGase”
t0“cucumber cotyledons ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Racibór)”
Claim · model-written summary
Those bands were generally slightly stronger after kinetin treatment than in controls.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- kinetin‐treatede0
- Outcome
- slightly strongere0
- Direction
- slightly strongere0
- Comparator
- control samplese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which were in general slightly stronger for kinetin‐treated than the control samples.”
t0“cucumber cotyledons ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Racibór)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 77-kDa transglutaminase level dramatically decreased at the end of greening.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- level of 77‐kDa ThylTGasee0
- Direction
- dramatically decreasede0
- Qualifier
- end of greeninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the end of greening, the level of 77‐kDa ThylTGase dramatically decreased.”
t0“cucumber cotyledons ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Racibór)”
Claim · model-written summary
Thylakoid transglutaminase activity depended on calcium.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Compound
- Ca 2+e0
- Outcome
- ThylTGase activitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ThylTGase activity was found to be Ca 2+ dependent.”
t0“cucumber cotyledons ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Racibór)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors propose conjugated polyamines as a component of kinetin-stimulated plastid transformation.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- stimulation of etioplast‐to‐chloroplast transformatione0
- Qualifier
- PAs conjugated via ThylTGasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PAs conjugated via ThylTGase, in addition to the PAs bound by all possible types of linkage, could represent an important component of the mechanism of stimulation of etioplast‐to‐chloroplast transformation by kinetin.”
t0“cucumber cotyledons ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Racibór)”
The same questions in other papers
kinetin · molecular: metabolites · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.