Abstract
Abstract The search for cheap and environmentally friendly materials is essential for remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated agricultural soils. A pot experiment was undertaken to evaluate the application of rice straw and filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum (P. chrysogenum) on the fractionation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd), soil microbial properties, and Cu and Cd uptake by romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in a contaminated agricultural soil. Rice straw was applied at three rates (0, 7.8, and 11.7 g kg−1 soil), and in combinations with P. chrysogenum (1.0 × 106 spores g−1 soil). It was found that the combined treatment of rice straw and P. chrysogenum significantly decreased the acid-extractable Cu and Cd by 15.4–25.1% and 20.2–27.3%, and increased the oxidizable Cu and Cd by 16.1–18.0% and 72.1–98.4%, respectively. Soil microbial biomass and fresh weight of lettuce were also remarkably enhanced after rice straw plus P. chrysogenum addition. Rice straw combined with P. chrysogenum was more effective in reducing Cu and Cd uptake by lettuce than rice straw alone. The joint application of rice straw and P. chrysogenum remarkably reduced Cu and Cd concentrations in lettuce shoots by 13.6–21.9% and 32.9–41.7%, respectively. These results indicate that the combined application of P. chrysogenum and rice straw is a promising method to alleviate the bioavailability of metals, and to improve soil microbial properties and plant yield in heavy-metal-polluted agricultural soils. Keywords: Soil contaminationcoppercadmiumfilamentous funguscrop residuelettuce Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China ("863" Program) for the financial support of this work (2012AA101402).
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment decreased acid-extractable soil Cu by 15.4–25.1%.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae1 - Treatment
- rice straw and P. chrysogenume2
- Interactor
- P. chrysogenum
Penicillium chrysogenume2symbiont - Outcome
- acid-extractable Cue0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 15.4–25.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined treatment of rice straw and P. chrysogenum significantly decreased the acid-extractable Cu and Cd by 15.4–25.1% and 20.2–27.3%”
e1“Cu and Cd uptake by romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa)”
e2“the combined treatment of rice straw and P. chrysogenum significantly decreased the acid-extractable Cu and Cd by 15.4–25.1% and 20.2–27.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment decreased acid-extractable soil Cd by 20.2–27.3%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- rice straw and P. chrysogenume2
- Interactor
- P. chrysogenumPenicillium chrysogenume2symbiont
- Outcome
- acid-extractable Cu and Cde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 20.2–27.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined treatment of rice straw and P. chrysogenum significantly decreased the acid-extractable Cu and Cd by 15.4–25.1% and 20.2–27.3%”
e1“Cu and Cd uptake by romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa)”
e2“the combined treatment of rice straw and P. chrysogenum significantly decreased the acid-extractable Cu and Cd by 15.4–25.1% and 20.2–27.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased oxidizable soil Cu by 16.1–18.0%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- rice straw and P. chrysogenume2
- Interactor
- P. chrysogenumPenicillium chrysogenume2symbiont
- Outcome
- oxidizable Cue0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.1–18.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the oxidizable Cu and Cd by 16.1–18.0% and 72.1–98.4%”
e1“Cu and Cd uptake by romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa)”
e2“the combined treatment of rice straw and P. chrysogenum significantly decreased the acid-extractable Cu and Cd by 15.4–25.1% and 20.2–27.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased oxidizable soil Cd by 72.1–98.4%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- rice straw and P. chrysogenume2
- Interactor
- P. chrysogenumPenicillium chrysogenume2symbiont
- Outcome
- oxidizable Cu and Cde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 72.1–98.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the oxidizable Cu and Cd by 16.1–18.0% and 72.1–98.4%”
e1“Cu and Cd uptake by romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa)”
e2“the combined treatment of rice straw and P. chrysogenum significantly decreased the acid-extractable Cu and Cd by 15.4–25.1% and 20.2–27.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice straw plus fungus enhanced soil microbial biomass.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- rice straw plus P. chrysogenum additione0
- Interactor
- P. chrysogenumPenicillium chrysogenume0symbiont
- Outcome
- Soil microbial biomasse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil microbial biomass and fresh weight of lettuce were also remarkably enhanced after rice straw plus P. chrysogenum addition”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice straw plus fungus enhanced fresh weight of lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- rice straw plus P. chrysogenum additione0
- Interactor
- P. chrysogenumPenicillium chrysogenume0symbiont
- Outcome
- fresh weight of lettucee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil microbial biomass and fresh weight of lettuce were also remarkably enhanced after rice straw plus P. chrysogenum addition”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice straw with fungus reduced lettuce Cu and Cd uptake more effectively than rice straw alone.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Rice straw combined with P. chrysogenume0
- Interactor
- P. chrysogenumPenicillium chrysogenume0symbiont
- Outcome
- Cu and Cd uptake by lettucee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Comparator
- rice straw alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice straw combined with P. chrysogenum was more effective in reducing Cu and Cd uptake by lettuce than rice straw alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Joint treatment reduced lettuce shoot Cu concentration by 13.6–21.9%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- joint application of rice straw and P. chrysogenume0
- Interactor
- P. chrysogenumPenicillium chrysogenume0symbiont
- Outcome
- Cu and Cd concentrations in lettuce shootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 13.6–21.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The joint application of rice straw and P. chrysogenum remarkably reduced Cu and Cd concentrations in lettuce shoots by 13.6–21.9% and 32.9–41.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Joint treatment reduced lettuce shoot Cd concentration by 32.9–41.7%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- joint application of rice straw and P. chrysogenume0
- Interactor
- P. chrysogenumPenicillium chrysogenume0symbiont
- Outcome
- Cd concentrations in lettuce shootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 32.9–41.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The joint application of rice straw and P. chrysogenum remarkably reduced Cu and Cd concentrations in lettuce shoots by 13.6–21.9% and 32.9–41.7%, respectively”
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See all 18 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.