Abstract
Salinity and waterlogging are two major factors affecting crop production around the world and often occur together (e.g., salt brought to the surface by rising water tables). While the physiological and molecular mechanisms of plant responses to each of these environmental constraints are studied in detail, the mechanisms underlying plant tolerance to their combined stress are much less understood. In this study, whole-plant physiological responses to individual/combined salinity and waterlogging stresses were studied using two barley varieties grown in either vermiculite (semi-hydroponics) or sandy loam. Two weeks of combined salinity and waterlogging treatment significantly decreased plant biomass, chlorophyll content, maximal quantum efficiency of PSII and water content (WC) in both varieties, while the percentage of chlorotic and necrotic leaves and leaf sap osmolality increased. The adverse effects of the combined stresses were much stronger in the waterlogging-sensitive variety Naso Nijo. Compared with salinity stress alone, the combined stress resulted in a 2-fold increase in leaf Na(+), but a 40% decrease in leaf K(+) content. Importantly, the effects of the combined stress were more pronounced in sandy loam compared with vermiculite and correlated with changes in the soil redox potential and accumulation of Mn and Fe in the waterlogged soils. It is concluded that hypoxia alone is not a major factor determining differential plant growth under adverse stress conditions, and that elemental toxicities resulting from changes in soil redox potential have a major impact on genotypic differences in plant physiological and agronomical responses. These results are further discussed in the context of plant breeding for waterlogging stress tolerance.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Combined salinity and waterlogging significantly decreased barley biomass, chlorophyll content and maximal quantum efficiency of PSII.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- combined salinity and waterlogging treatmente1
- Outcome
- plant biomass, chlorophyll content, maximal quantum efficiency of PSIIe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“using two barley varieties grown in either vermiculite (semi-hydroponics) or sandy loam”
e1“Two weeks of combined salinity and waterlogging treatment significantly decreased plant biomass, chlorophyll content, maximal quantum efficiency of PSII and water content (WC) in both varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined salinity and waterlogging decreased the water content of barley.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- combined salinity and waterlogging treatmente1
- Outcome
- water content (WC)e1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using two barley varieties grown in either vermiculite (semi-hydroponics) or sandy loam”
e1“Two weeks of combined salinity and waterlogging treatment significantly decreased plant biomass, chlorophyll content, maximal quantum efficiency of PSII and water content (WC) in both varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined salinity and waterlogging increased the percentage of chlorotic and necrotic barley leaves and leaf sap osmolality.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- combined salinity and waterlogging treatmente1
- Outcome
- percentage of chlorotic and necrotic leaves and leaf sap osmolalitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using two barley varieties grown in either vermiculite (semi-hydroponics) or sandy loam”
e1“Two weeks of combined salinity and waterlogging treatment significantly decreased plant biomass”
e2“while the percentage of chlorotic and necrotic leaves and leaf sap osmolality increased”
Claim · model-written summary
The adverse effects of combined stress were much stronger in the waterlogging-sensitive barley variety Naso Nijo.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Material
- Naso Nijoe3
- Outcome
- adverse effects of the combined stressese3
- Direction
- strongere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using two barley varieties grown in either vermiculite (semi-hydroponics) or sandy loam”
e3“The adverse effects of the combined stresses were much stronger in the waterlogging-sensitive variety Naso Nijo”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress doubled leaf Na(+) in barley compared with salinity stress alone.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- combined stresse4
- Outcome
- leaf Na(+)e4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Value
- 2-folde4
- Comparator
- salinity stress alonee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using two barley varieties grown in either vermiculite (semi-hydroponics) or sandy loam”
e4“Compared with salinity stress alone, the combined stress resulted in a 2-fold increase in leaf Na(+), but a 40% decrease in leaf K(+) content”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress decreased leaf K(+) content of barley by 40% compared with salinity stress alone.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- combined stresse4
- Outcome
- leaf K(+) contente4
- Direction
- decreasee4
- Value
- 40%e4
- Comparator
- salinity stress alonee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using two barley varieties grown in either vermiculite (semi-hydroponics) or sandy loam”
e4“Compared with salinity stress alone, the combined stress resulted in a 2-fold increase in leaf Na(+), but a 40% decrease in leaf K(+) content”
Claim · model-written summary
Effects of the combined stress were more pronounced in sandy loam than in vermiculite.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- effects of the combined stresse5
- Direction
- more pronouncede5
- Comparator
- vermiculitee5
- Setting
- sandy loame5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using two barley varieties grown in either vermiculite (semi-hydroponics) or sandy loam”
e5“the effects of the combined stress were more pronounced in sandy loam compared with vermiculite”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress effects correlated with accumulation of Mn and Fe in waterlogged soils.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Compound
- Mn and Fee5
- Outcome
- accumulation of Mn and Fe in the waterlogged soilse5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using two barley varieties grown in either vermiculite (semi-hydroponics) or sandy loam”
e5“the effects of the combined stress were more pronounced in sandy loam compared with vermiculite and correlated with changes in the soil redox potential and accumulation of Mn and Fe in the waterlogged soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypoxia alone is not a major factor determining differential barley growth under adverse stress.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- differential plant growthe6
- Qualifier
- hypoxia alone is not a major factore6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using two barley varieties grown in either vermiculite (semi-hydroponics) or sandy loam”
e6“hypoxia alone is not a major factor determining differential plant growth under adverse stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Elemental toxicities from changes in soil redox potential have a major impact on genotypic differences in barley physiological and agronomic responses.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- genotypic differences in plant physiological and agronomical responsese7
- Qualifier
- elemental toxicities resulting from changes in soil redox potentiale7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using two barley varieties grown in either vermiculite (semi-hydroponics) or sandy loam”
e7“elemental toxicities resulting from changes in soil redox potential have a major impact on genotypic differences in plant physiological and agronomical responses”
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