Abstract
Abstract Soil salinity severely impairs crop productivity by disrupting physiological and biochemical processes. This study investigated the efficacy of foliar-applied ascorbic acid (AsA) and α‑tocopherol (α-toc) in enhancing salinity tolerance in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. AJJ). A pot experiment using a randomized complete block design with three replicates was conducted under controlled conditions. Seedlings at the 4–5 leaf stage were exposed to 0, 40, or 80 mM NaCl salinity stress, followed by foliar treatments of AsA and α‑toc (150 mg L⁻ 1 ). Germination, agronomic, physiological, and biochemical parameters were analyzed. Salinity stress at 40 and 80 mM NaCl significantly reduced germination percentage (GP) by 18.6% and 18.4%, respectively, compared to the control (86.6%). Foliar application of AsA + α-toc under 40 and 80 mM stress restored GP to 82.3% and 81.7%, reflecting recoveries of 16.8% and 15.6% overstressed groups. Water content in leaves, shoots, and roots declined by 10–30% under salinity but improved by 15–25% with AsA + α-toc. Photosynthetic pigments were severely affected: chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll content (TCC) decreased by 45.7% (1.75 to 0.95 mg g⁻ 1 FW) and 10.9% (1.75 to 1.56 mg g⁻ 1 FW) at 40 and 80 mM NaCl, respectively. AsA + α-toc mitigated these losses, elevating TCC by 42.6% under 80 mM stress. Soluble protein content increased by 186% (0.50 to 1.43 mg g⁻ 1 ) under 80 mM stress but was stabilized by antioxidant treatments. Antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), surged by 40–60% under salinity, while AsA + α-toc reduced hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 30–50%. The combined application of AsA and α‑toc proved most effective, enhancing stress tolerance through improved osmotic regulation, antioxidant defense, and chlorophyll preservation. These findings highlight the potential of AsA and α‑toc as sustainable agronomic tools for cultivating barley in saline soils, with AsA showing marginally greater efficacy. Further field studies are warranted to validate these results under different climatic conditions.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
40 mM NaCl reduced germination percentage by 18.6% versus control.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- 40e0
- Outcome
- germination percentage (GP)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 18.6%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress at 40 and 80 mM NaCl significantly reduced germination percentage (GP) by 18.6% and 18.4%, respectively, compared to the control (86.6%).”
t0“Hordeum vulgare L.”
Claim · model-written summary
80 mM NaCl reduced germination percentage by 18.4% versus control.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- 80 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- germination percentage (GP)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 18.4%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress at 40 and 80 mM NaCl significantly reduced germination percentage (GP) by 18.6% and 18.4%, respectively, compared to the control (86.6%).”
t0“Hordeum vulgare L.”
Claim · model-written summary
AsA plus α-toc restored germination to 82.3% under 40 mM stress.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of AsA + α-toce0
- Outcome
- GPe0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Value
- 82.3%e0
- Qualifier
- 40e0
- Comparator
- overstressed groupse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of AsA + α-toc under 40 and 80 mM stress restored GP to 82.3% and 81.7%, reflecting recoveries of 16.8% and 15.6% overstressed groups.”
t0“Hordeum vulgare L.”
Claim · model-written summary
AsA plus α-toc restored germination to 81.7% under 80 mM stress.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of AsA + α-toce0
- Outcome
- GPe0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Value
- 81.7%e0
- Qualifier
- 80 mM stresse0
- Comparator
- overstressed groupse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of AsA + α-toc under 40 and 80 mM stress restored GP to 82.3% and 81.7%, reflecting recoveries of 16.8% and 15.6% overstressed groups.”
t0“Hordeum vulgare L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced water content in leaves, shoots and roots by 10–30%.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- Water content in leaves, shoots, and rootse0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 10–30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water content in leaves, shoots, and roots declined by 10–30% under salinity but improved by 15–25% with AsA + α-toc.”
t0“Hordeum vulgare L.”
Claim · model-written summary
AsA plus α-toc improved water content in leaves, shoots and roots by 15–25%.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- AsA + α-toce0
- Outcome
- Water content in leaves, shoots, and rootse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 15–25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water content in leaves, shoots, and roots declined by 10–30% under salinity but improved by 15–25% with AsA + α-toc.”
t0“Hordeum vulgare L.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 40 mM NaCl, chlorophyll a fell by 45.7%.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- 40e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 45.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll content (TCC) decreased by 45.7% (1.75 to 0.95 mg g⁻ 1 FW) and 10.9% (1.75 to 1.56 mg g⁻ 1 FW) at 40 and 80 mM NaCl, respectively.”
t0“Hordeum vulgare L.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80 mM NaCl, total chlorophyll content fell by 10.9%.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- 80 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll content (TCC)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 10.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll content (TCC) decreased by 45.7% (1.75 to 0.95 mg g⁻ 1 FW) and 10.9% (1.75 to 1.56 mg g⁻ 1 FW) at 40 and 80 mM NaCl, respectively.”
t0“Hordeum vulgare L.”
Claim · model-written summary
AsA plus α-toc raised total chlorophyll content by 42.6% under 80 mM stress.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- AsA + α-toce0
- Outcome
- TCCe0
- Direction
- elevatinge0
- Value
- 42.6%e0
- Qualifier
- 80 mM stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AsA + α-toc mitigated these losses, elevating TCC by 42.6% under 80 mM stress.”
t0“Hordeum vulgare L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 80 mM stress, soluble protein content rose by 186%.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- 80 mM stresse0
- Outcome
- Soluble protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 186%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soluble protein content increased by 186% (0.50 to 1.43 mg g⁻ 1 ) under 80 mM stress but was stabilized by antioxidant treatments.”
t0“Hordeum vulgare L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant treatments stabilized soluble protein content under 80 mM stress.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- antioxidant treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Soluble protein contente0
- Direction
- stabilizede0
- Qualifier
- 80 mM stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soluble protein content increased by 186% (0.50 to 1.43 mg g⁻ 1 ) under 80 mM stress but was stabilized by antioxidant treatments.”
t0“Hordeum vulgare L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity raised superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities by 40–60%.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- surgede0
- Value
- 40–60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), surged by 40–60% under salinity”
t0“Hordeum vulgare L.”
Claim · model-written summary
AsA plus α-toc reduced hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde by 30–50%.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- AsA + α-toce0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30–50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AsA + α-toc reduced hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 30–50%.”
t0“Hordeum vulgare L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined application was judged most effective for stress tolerance.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- combined application of AsA and α‑toce0
- Outcome
- stress tolerancee0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of AsA and α‑toc proved most effective, enhancing stress tolerance through improved osmotic regulation, antioxidant defense, and chlorophyll preservation.”
t0“Hordeum vulgare L.”
Claim · model-written summary
AsA showed marginally greater efficacy.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- AsAe0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with AsA showing marginally greater efficacy.”
t0“Hordeum vulgare L.”
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