Abstract
Abstract Among cereals, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is considered as tolerant to salinity stress; however, its performance and global production are still dramatically affected by salinity. Thus, the development of suitable management practices to minimize the deleterious effects of salt stress on this crop plant has become necessary. In this study, we explored the potential function of ascorbic acid (AsA) in mitigating the adverse effects of salt stress on barley at the seedling stage. To this end, greenhouse pot experiments were performed to study genotypic differences in response to 150 mM NaCl alone or combined with 1 mM AsA using two barley cultivars with different salt sensitivities, Rihane (salt-tolerant) and Testour (salt-sensitive). Obtained results showed that, although Rihane was well adapted and performed better compared to Testour genotype, the exposure to salt stress conditions resulted in reduced growth characteristics (dry weights and relative growth rates), associated with significant decreases in relative water contents (RWCs), total chlorophyll, soluble proteins, total carbohydrates as well as K+ contents. However, Na+ and MDA concentrations were markedly increased in the both salt-stressed cultivars, as compared to controls. Addition of AsA to the saline media boosted barley-seedling growth by decreases in Na+ contents, increases in total chlorophyll content, K+ contents as well as K+/Na+ ratios. Likewise, supplemental AsA modulated the antioxidant defense system in salt-treated barley seedlings by increasing both non-enzymatic (total phenolics and flavonoids) and enzymatic antioxidant components (mainly SOD, CAT and GPX) for the both cultivars, resulting thereby in a remarkably decrease in leaves’ and roots’ MDA contents. Additionally, proline and glycine betaine were noticeably accumulatedas a result of AsA addition, confirming the beneficial role of AsA in retaining additional osmolality to uphold the RWC and promote seedling growth, particularly in the salt-sensitive genotype. Overall, this comprehensive study provided evidence that the salt-induced damages were more effectively alleviated in Testour than Rihane genotype upon AsA supplementation to saline media. Therefore, exogenous AsA application may be suggested as a potential strategy to overcome the salinity-mediated impairment of barley, particularly salt-sensitive genotypes, at the early growth stage through improving osmotic and ionic homeostasis and upregulating the antioxidant defense system.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar Rihane was well adapted and performed better than Testour under the tested conditions.
- Taxon
- Barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Material
- Rihanee1
- Outcome
- performed bettere1
- Comparator
- Testour genotypee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Two Contrasting Barley Cultivars”
e1“Rihane was well adapted and performed better compared to Testour genotype”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced barley growth characteristics (dry weights and relative growth rates).
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- salt stress conditionse2
- Outcome
- growth characteristics (dry weights and relative growth rates)e2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Two Contrasting Barley Cultivars”
e2“the exposure to salt stress conditions resulted in reduced growth characteristics (dry weights and relative growth rates)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly decreased relative water contents, total chlorophyll and soluble proteins compared with controls.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- salt stress conditionse2
- Outcome
- relative water contents (RWCs), total chlorophyll, soluble proteinse3
- Direction
- decreasese3
- Comparator
- controlse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Two Contrasting Barley Cultivars”
e2“the exposure to salt stress conditions resulted in reduced growth characteristics (dry weights and relative growth rates)”
e3“associated with significant decreases in relative water contents (RWCs), total chlorophyll, soluble proteins, total carbohydrates as well as K+ contents”
e4“Na+ and MDA concentrations were markedly increased in the both salt-stressed cultivars, as compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly decreased total carbohydrates and K+ contents compared with controls.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- salt stress conditionse2
- Outcome
- total carbohydrates as well as K+ contentse3
- Direction
- decreasese3
- Comparator
- controlse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Two Contrasting Barley Cultivars”
e2“the exposure to salt stress conditions resulted in reduced growth characteristics (dry weights and relative growth rates)”
e3“associated with significant decreases in relative water contents (RWCs), total chlorophyll, soluble proteins, total carbohydrates as well as K+ contents”
e4“Na+ and MDA concentrations were markedly increased in the both salt-stressed cultivars, as compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress markedly increased Na+ and MDA concentrations compared with controls.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- salt-stressede4
- Outcome
- Na+ and MDA concentrationse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- controlse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Two Contrasting Barley Cultivars”
e4“Na+ and MDA concentrations were markedly increased in the both salt-stressed cultivars, as compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Added AsA boosted barley seedling growth under saline conditions.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Addition of AsAe5
- Outcome
- barley-seedling growthe5
- Direction
- boostede5
- Comparator
- saline mediae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Two Contrasting Barley Cultivars”
e5“Addition of AsA to the saline media boosted barley-seedling growth by decreases in Na+ contents, increases in total chlorophyll content, K+ contents as well as K+/Na+ ratios”
Claim · model-written summary
Added AsA decreased Na+ contents under saline conditions.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Addition of AsAe5
- Outcome
- Na+ contentse5
- Direction
- decreasese5
- Comparator
- saline mediae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Two Contrasting Barley Cultivars”
e5“Addition of AsA to the saline media boosted barley-seedling growth by decreases in Na+ contents, increases in total chlorophyll content, K+ contents as well as K+/Na+ ratios”
Claim · model-written summary
Added AsA increased total chlorophyll content, K+ contents and K+/Na+ ratios under saline conditions.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Addition of AsAe5
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll content, K+ contents as well as K+/Na+ ratiose5
- Direction
- increasese5
- Comparator
- saline mediae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Two Contrasting Barley Cultivars”
e5“Addition of AsA to the saline media boosted barley-seedling growth by decreases in Na+ contents, increases in total chlorophyll content, K+ contents as well as K+/Na+ ratios”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental AsA increased non-enzymatic antioxidants (total phenolics and flavonoids) in salt-treated barley.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- supplemental AsAe6
- Outcome
- non-enzymatic (total phenolics and flavonoids)e6
- Direction
- increasinge6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Two Contrasting Barley Cultivars”
e6“supplemental AsA modulated the antioxidant defense system in salt-treated barley seedlings by increasing both non-enzymatic (total phenolics and flavonoids) and enzymatic antioxidant components (mainly SOD, CAT and GPX) for the both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental AsA increased enzymatic antioxidant components SOD, CAT and GPX in salt-treated barley.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- supplemental AsAe6
- Gene
- SOD, CAT and GPXe6
- Outcome
- enzymatic antioxidant componentse6
- Direction
- increasinge6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Two Contrasting Barley Cultivars”
e6“supplemental AsA modulated the antioxidant defense system in salt-treated barley seedlings by increasing both non-enzymatic (total phenolics and flavonoids) and enzymatic antioxidant components (mainly SOD, CAT and GPX) for the both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental AsA caused a remarkable decrease in MDA contents in leaves and roots of salt-treated barley.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- supplemental AsAe6
- Outcome
- MDA contentse7
- Direction
- decreasee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Two Contrasting Barley Cultivars”
e6“supplemental AsA modulated the antioxidant defense system in salt-treated barley seedlings by increasing both non-enzymatic (total phenolics and flavonoids) and enzymatic antioxidant components (mainly SOD, CAT and GPX) for the both cultivars”
e7“resulting thereby in a remarkably decrease in leaves’ and roots’ MDA contents”
Claim · model-written summary
AsA addition noticeably increased accumulation of proline and glycine betaine.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- AsA additione5
- Outcome
- proline and glycine betainee5
- Direction
- accumulatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Two Contrasting Barley Cultivars”
e5“Additionally, proline and glycine betaine were noticeably accumulatedas a result of AsA addition”
Claim · model-written summary
AsA retains additional osmolality, upholding RWC and promoting seedling growth, particularly in the salt-sensitive genotype.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- salt-sensitive genotypee6
- Outcome
- uphold the RWC and promote seedling growthe6
- Qualifier
- retaining additional osmolalitye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Two Contrasting Barley Cultivars”
e6“confirming the beneficial role of AsA in retaining additional osmolality to uphold the RWC and promote seedling growth, particularly in the salt-sensitive genotype”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous AsA application may be suggested as a strategy to overcome salinity-mediated impairment of barley, particularly salt-sensitive genotypes.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree7
- Treatment
- exogenous AsA applicatione7
- Outcome
- salinity-mediated impairment of barleye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“exogenous AsA application may be suggested as a potential strategy to overcome the salinity-mediated impairment of barley, particularly salt-sensitive genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
AsA improves osmotic and ionic homeostasis by upregulating the antioxidant defense system.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- osmotic and ionic homeostasise0
- Qualifier
- upregulating the antioxidant defense systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Two Contrasting Barley Cultivars”
e0“through improving osmotic and ionic homeostasis and upregulating the antioxidant defense system”
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See all 20 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.