Abstract
Diverse cultivars of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in the field in 1993/94 and 1994/95 at Reading UK in temperature gradient tunnels at normal atmospheric ( c . 370) or elevated CO 2 concentration ( c . 700 μmol CO 2 mol −1 air). In 1993/94, grain yield of cv. Avalon was insensitive to mean temperature (between 8·8 and 10·9°C), while elevated CO 2 increased yield by 1·3 t ha −1 (12·6%). In all other cultivars, warming reduced grain yield and CO 2 increased grain yield. In 1993/94, in cvs Galahad and Mercia the effects of CO 2 and temperature on yield were additive. However, for cv. Hereward in both years and for cv. Soissons in 1994/95, there were negative interactions between the effects of CO 2 and temperature on yield: the maximum benefit of doubling CO 2 to grain yield, 4·5 and 2·7 t ha −1 (65 and 29%) respectively, occurred at cooler temperatures; there was no benefit from doubling CO 2 (i.e. 0%) once the temperature had increased above the seasonal mean by 2·2–2·6°C in cv. Hereward and by 1·3°C in cv. Soissons. The beneficial effect of doubling CO 2 on grain yield in cvs Galahad, Hereward, Mercia and Soissons was negated by an increase in mean seasonal temperature of only 0·7–2·0°C. Warming decreased root dry mass at anthesis in 1994/95 while it increased at elevated CO 2 (49 and 186%, coolest and warmest regime, respectively). Carbon partitioned to roots declined progressively with warming, while at elevated CO 2 there was an average of 56% increase in allocation to roots. The relative impacts of both CO 2 and temperature were greater on root dry mass than on either grain yield or total above-ground biomass, while the effects on grain and biomass yield varied considerably between cultivars, suggesting that the impact of rising CO 2 and temperature are likely to be dependent on cultivar.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Avalon grain yield was insensitive to mean temperature from 8·8 to 10·9°C.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- cv. Avalone0
- Treatment
- mean temperaturee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- insensitivee0
- Qualifier
- between 8·8 and 10·9°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield of cv. Avalon was insensitive to mean temperature (between 8·8 and 10·9°C)”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased Avalon grain yield by 1·3 t ha −1.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1·3 t ha −1e0
Not reportedMaterialComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated CO 2 increased yield by 1·3 t ha −1 (12·6%)”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming reduced grain yield in the other cultivars.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- warminge0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- all other cultivarse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In all other cultivars, warming reduced grain yield”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased grain yield in the other cultivars.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CO 2 increased grain yield”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 and temperature effects on Galahad and Mercia yield were additive.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cvs Galahad and Merciae0
- Outcome
- effects of CO 2 and temperature on yield were additivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in cvs Galahad and Mercia the effects of CO 2 and temperature on yield were additive”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Hereward and Soissons showed negative CO2 by temperature interactions for yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cv. Herewarde0
- Outcome
- negative interactions between the effects of CO 2 and temperature on yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for cv. Hereward in both years and for cv. Soissons in 1994/95, there were negative interactions between the effects of CO 2 and temperature on yield”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum CO2 benefit to Hereward grain yield was 4·5 t ha −1 at cooler temperatures.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- doubling CO 2e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 4·5e0
- Qualifier
- cooler temperaturese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum benefit of doubling CO 2 to grain yield, 4·5 and 2·7 t ha −1 (65 and 29%) respectively, occurred at cooler temperatures”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum CO2 benefit to Soissons grain yield was 2·7 t ha −1 at cooler temperatures.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- doubling CO 2e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 2·7 t ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- cooler temperaturese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum benefit of doubling CO 2 to grain yield, 4·5 and 2·7 t ha −1 (65 and 29%) respectively, occurred at cooler temperatures”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Doubling CO2 brought no yield benefit for Hereward above a 2·2–2·6°C temperature increase.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cv. Herewarde0
- Treatment
- doubling CO 2e0
- Outcome
- benefite0
- Direction
- no benefite0
- Value
- 0%e0
- Qualifier
- 2·2–2·6°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no benefit from doubling CO 2 (i.e. 0%) once the temperature had increased above the seasonal mean by 2·2–2·6°C in cv. Hereward”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Doubling CO2 brought no yield benefit for Soissons above a 1·3°C increase.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cv. Soissonse0
- Treatment
- doubling CO 2e0
- Outcome
- benefite0
- Direction
- no benefite0
- Value
- 0%e0
- Qualifier
- 1·3°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no benefit from doubling CO 2 (i.e. 0%) once the temperature had increased above the seasonal mean by 2·2–2·6°C in cv. Hereward and by 1·3°C in cv. Soissons”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A 0·7–2·0°C warming negated the CO2 yield benefit in four cultivars.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increase in mean seasonal temperaturee0
- Outcome
- beneficial effect of doubling CO 2 on grain yielde0
- Direction
- negatede0
- Value
- 0·7–2·0°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“beneficial effect of doubling CO 2 on grain yield in cvs Galahad, Hereward, Mercia and Soissons was negated by an increase in mean seasonal temperature of only 0·7–2·0°C”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming decreased root dry mass at anthesis.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- anthesise0
- Treatment
- Warminge0
- Outcome
- root dry masse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Warming decreased root dry mass at anthesis in 1994/95”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased root dry mass.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2e0
- Outcome
- root dry masse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 49 and 186%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Warming decreased root dry mass at anthesis in 1994/95 while it increased at elevated CO 2 (49 and 186%, coolest and warmest regime, respectively)”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming progressively reduced carbon allocation to roots.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- warminge0
- Outcome
- Carbon partitioned to rootse0
- Direction
- declined progressivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbon partitioned to roots declined progressively with warming”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased root carbon allocation by 56% on average.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2e0
- Outcome
- allocation to rootse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 56%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at elevated CO 2 there was an average of 56% increase in allocation to roots”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Root dry mass responded more strongly than grain yield or above-ground biomass to CO2 and temperature.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- root dry masse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- grain yield or total above-ground biomasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relative impacts of both CO 2 and temperature were greater on root dry mass than on either grain yield or total above-ground biomass”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Effects on grain and biomass yield varied considerably among cultivars.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain and biomass yielde0
- Direction
- varied considerablye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects on grain and biomass yield varied considerably between cultivars”
t0“winter wheat”
The same questions in other papers
heat · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
35 papers in the same direction as this paper · 26 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
58 papers more in this group
See all 62 papers →heat · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
88 papers in the same direction as this paper · 42 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
127 papers more in this group
See all 131 papers →co2 · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
123 papers in the same direction as this paper · 20 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
141 papers more in this group
See all 145 papers →co2 · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
173 papers in the same direction as this paper · 29 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
199 papers more in this group
See all 203 papers →heat · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
254 papers in the same direction as this paper · 54 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
305 papers more in this group
See all 309 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.