Abstract
Yield of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is often reduced when grown in fields using no‐till (NT) and shorter crop rotations with corn ( Zea mays L.) than with conventional tillage (CT) and longer crop rotations. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of tillage system, rotation sequence, and cultivar on severity of brown stem rot (BSR) [caused by Phialophora gregata (Allington and D.W. Chamberlain) W. Gams] and yield of soybean. Field studies were conducted near Arlington, WI, for 4 yr (1989–1992) on a Piano silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Typic Argiudoll) under both NT and CT. Seven crop sequences with soybean were evaluated: (1) first‐year soybean after a minimum of 5 yr corn; (ii) soybean annually alternated with corn; (iii) 2, 3, 4, 5 yr of continuous soybean after 5 yr of corn; and (iv) continuous soybean. When averaged over all rotations, severity of BSR was 38% greater and yield of soybean 10% less in NT than in CT. Severity of BSR was 30% greater and yield 15% lower in annually alternated soybean grown in NT than in CT. First‐year soybean following 5 yr of corn had 44% less severity of BSR, 11% greater yield, and 4.8% greater seed weight than soybean annually alternated with corn. Severity of BSR tended to increase, and yield and seed weight of soybean tended to decrease with an increase in frequency of soybean in the rotation. Severity of BSR was almost 10 times greater, yield 19% less, and seed weight 10% lower in BSR‐susceptible cv. Corsoy 79 than in the BSR‐resistant cv. BSR 101 across all tillages and rotations. The reduction of soybean yield observed with NT and shorter crop rotations was attributed primarily to greater severity of BSR. Research Question The importance of reduced tillage systems has increased due to concerns of soil erosion and field‐work time requirements. No research has determined the effect of reduced tillage systems or the interaction of tillage systems with crop rotation on the severity of brown stem rot (BSR) of soybean. Our study was conducted to determine the influence of tillage and crop rotation sequence on the severity of BSR and yield of soybean. The effects of BSR on soybean production were measured by comparing disease severity ratings and yield of a BSR‐susceptible cultivar to a BSR‐resistant cultivar. Literature Summary Phialophora gregata , causal fungus. of BSR, is believed to survive only in colonized soybean residue between soybean crops. Increasing importance of BSR as a disease of soybean in Iowa has been attributed to increases in soybean acreage and fewer years of nonhost crops between soybean crops. Disease severity of BSR was lower, and yield was 13% higher in soybean grown in rotation culture than in continuously cropped soybean. Yield of soybean was lower with a BSR‐susceptible cultivar of soybean than with a BSR‐resistant cultivar as less tillage was used and as years between soybean crops were reduced. Study Description This study was conducted for 4 yr on Plano silt loam at Arlington, WI. Treatments: Tillage systems (2) CT (moldboard plow) and NT Crop rotation sequence (7) First‐year soybean after a minimum of five consecutive years of corn Soybean annually alternated with corn 2, 3, 4, 5 yr of continuous soybean following 5 yr of corn Continuous soybean N rate (2) 0 and 30 lb UAN/acre Soybean cultivars (2) ‘Corsoy 79’ (BSR‐susceptible) and ‘BSR 101’ (BSR‐resistant) Applied Questions What is the effect of NT on severity of BSR and yield of soybean? Severity of BSR in BSR‐susceptible Corsoy 79 was 40% greater (Fig. ) and yield was 16% less (Fig. ) in NT than in CT when averaged across all rotation sequences. The severity of BSR in BSR 101 was reduced 90% compared with Corsoy 79 and did not differ between NT and CT (Fig. ). The yield of BSR 101 was 5% less in NT than in CT, and was 24% higher than Corsoy 79 across both tillages (Fig. ). Seed weight of soybean in NT was less than in CT and lodging of soybean was greater in NT than in CT. Is there an explanation for the greater severity of BSR in NT than in CT? Other research found P . gregaia to survive only in colonized soybean residue between soybean crops. Thus, the inoculum of P . gregata could be greater in NT than in CT. Decomposition of crop residue is slower in NT than in CT. How does NT interact with crop rotations on severity of BSR? The severity of BSR in Corsoy 79 was more than 100% greater in NT and 70% greater in CT in annually alternated soybean than the severity of BSR in first‐year soybean following 5 yr of corn (Fig. ). Severity of BSR in Corsoy 79 was 30 to 60% greater in NT than in CT with annually alternated soybean and rotation sequences with more consecutive years of soybean. With annually alternated soybean, yield of Corsoy 79 was 20% lower in NT and 6% lower in CT than the yield of Corsoy 79 as grown as first‐year soybean. Yields of Corsoy 79 in NT were 15 to 25% lower than in CT for rotation sequences after the first‐year soybean. The reduced effectiveness of longer crop rotation in lowering the severity of BSR and increasing soybean yield with NT compared with CT demonstrates how cultural practices can interact negatively. Cultivars resistant to BSR can reduce the effect of this negative interaction. This research also emphasizes the importance of soybean cultivar selection when reduced tillage systems or shorter crop rotations are implemented in soybean production. Seventy of brown stem rot as influenced by rotation, tillage, and cultivar, averaged over two N rates and 4 yr. Years in rotation of soybean are: 1 = first‐year soybean after 5 yr of corn; C/S = soybean alternated annually with corn; 2, 3, 4, 5 = second‐, third‐, fourth‐, and fifth‐year soybean, respectively; Cont. = seventh‐, eighth‐, ninth‐, and 10th‐year soybean in 1989,1990,1991, and 1992, respectively. An area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated to present the seventy and progress of foliar symptoms of BSR for each year. Vertical bar represents FLSD (0.10). image Yield of soybean as influenced by rotation, tillage, and cultivar, averaged over two N rates and 4 yr. Years in rotation of soybean are: 1 = first‐year soybean after 5 yr of corn; C/S = soybean alternated annually with corn; 2, 3, 4, 5 = second‐, third‐, fourth‐, and fifth‐year soybean, respectively; Cont. = seventh‐, eighth‐, ninth‐, and 10th‐year soybean in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1992, respectively. Vertical bar represents FLSD (0.10). image
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
BSR severity was 38% greater under NT than CT.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- severity of BSRe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 38%e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When averaged over all rotations, severity of BSR was 38% greater and yield of soybean 10% less in NT than in CT.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yield was 10% less under NT than CT.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- yield of soybeane0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When averaged over all rotations, severity of BSR was 38% greater and yield of soybean 10% less in NT than in CT.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
In annual alternation, BSR severity was 30% greater under NT.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- Severity of BSRe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity of BSR was 30% greater and yield 15% lower in annually alternated soybean grown in NT than in CT.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
In annual alternation, yield was 15% lower under NT.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity of BSR was 30% greater and yield 15% lower in annually alternated soybean grown in NT than in CT.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
First year soybean after corn had less severity of BSR than annually alternated soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- First‐year soybean following 5 yr of corne0
- Outcome
- severity of BSRe0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Comparator
- soybean annually alternated with corne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“First‐year soybean following 5 yr of corn had 44% less severity of BSR, 11% greater yield, and 4.8% greater seed weight than soybean annually alternated with corn.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
First year soybean after corn had greater yield than annually alternated soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- First‐year soybean following 5 yr of corne0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Comparator
- soybean annually alternated with corne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“First‐year soybean following 5 yr of corn had 44% less severity of BSR, 11% greater yield, and 4.8% greater seed weight than soybean annually alternated with corn.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
First year soybean after corn had greater seed weight than annually alternated soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- First‐year soybean following 5 yr of corne0
- Outcome
- seed weighte0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 4.8%e0
- Comparator
- soybean annually alternated with corne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“First‐year soybean following 5 yr of corn had 44% less severity of BSR, 11% greater yield, and 4.8% greater seed weight than soybean annually alternated with corn.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soybean frequency tended to increase Severity of BSR.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- increase in frequency of soybean in the rotatione0
- Outcome
- Severity of BSRe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity of BSR tended to increase, and yield and seed weight of soybean tended to decrease with an increase in frequency of soybean in the rotation.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soybean frequency tended to decrease yield.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- increase in frequency of soybean in the rotatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity of BSR tended to increase, and yield and seed weight of soybean tended to decrease with an increase in frequency of soybean in the rotation.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soybean frequency tended to decrease seed weight.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- increase in frequency of soybean in the rotatione0
- Outcome
- seed weighte0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity of BSR tended to increase, and yield and seed weight of soybean tended to decrease with an increase in frequency of soybean in the rotation.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Corsoy 79 had greater Severity of BSR than BSR 101.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Corsoy 79e0
- Outcome
- Severity of BSRe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- almost 10 timese0
- Comparator
- BSR 101e0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity of BSR was almost 10 times greater, yield 19% less, and seed weight 10% lower in BSR‐susceptible cv. Corsoy 79 than in the BSR‐resistant cv. BSR 101 across all tillages and rotations.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Corsoy 79 had less yield than BSR 101.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Corsoy 79e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Comparator
- BSR 101e0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity of BSR was almost 10 times greater, yield 19% less, and seed weight 10% lower in BSR‐susceptible cv. Corsoy 79 than in the BSR‐resistant cv. BSR 101 across all tillages and rotations.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Corsoy 79 had lower seed weight than BSR 101.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Corsoy 79e0
- Outcome
- seed weighte0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Comparator
- BSR 101e0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity of BSR was almost 10 times greater, yield 19% less, and seed weight 10% lower in BSR‐susceptible cv. Corsoy 79 than in the BSR‐resistant cv. BSR 101 across all tillages and rotations.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
BSR 101 severity was 90% below Corsoy 79.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- BSR 101e0
- Outcome
- severity of BSRe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 90%e0
- Comparator
- Corsoy 79e0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The severity of BSR in BSR 101 was reduced 90% compared with Corsoy 79 and did not differ between NT and CT (Fig. ).”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
BSR 101 severity did not differ between NT and CT.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- BSR 101e0
- Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- severity of BSRe0
- Direction
- did not differe0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The severity of BSR in BSR 101 was reduced 90% compared with Corsoy 79 and did not differ between NT and CT (Fig. ).”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
BSR 101 yield was 5% less in NT than CT.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- BSR 101e0
- Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 5%e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield of BSR 101 was 5% less in NT than in CT, and was 24% higher than Corsoy 79 across both tillages (Fig. ).”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
BSR 101 yield was 24% higher than Corsoy 79.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- BSR 101e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Comparator
- Corsoy 79e0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield of BSR 101 was 5% less in NT than in CT, and was 24% higher than Corsoy 79 across both tillages (Fig. ).”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
NT reduced seed weight versus CT.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed weight of soybean in NT was less than in CT and lodging of soybean was greater in NT than in CT.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
NT increased lodging versus CT.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed weight of soybean in NT was less than in CT and lodging of soybean was greater in NT than in CT.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
BSR resistant cultivars can reduce the adverse interaction of tillage and rotation.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- reduce the effect of this negative interactione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cultivars resistant to BSR can reduce the effect of this negative interaction.”
t0“Soybean”
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