Abstract
The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of tillage practices and crop sequences on AM fungal propagules, infectivity potential and soil enzyme activities in the soybean rhizosphere of a long-term field trial maintained since 2001. Rhizosphere soil and root samples of soybean were drawn in kharif 2008 from three tillage systems (conventional- conventional (C-C), conventional-reduced (C-R) and reduced-reduced (R-R) and four soybean-based crop rotations (soybean–wheat (S–W), soybean–wheat–maize–wheat (S–W–M–W), soybean–wheat–soybean–wheat–maize–wheat (S– W–S–W–M–W) and soybean+ maize-wheat (S+M–W) which are being maintained in split plot design for the past seven years. On completion of six cropping seasons, significantly higher mycorrhizal spore count (17.0/g soil) and infectivity potential (IP) (4.58 IP/g soil) were observed in soybean grown under S–W–M–W rotation under C-R tillage system. However, the per cent root length colonized by AMF was found highest (12.66%) in S+M–W rotation under C-R tillage system. In general, the S+M–W or S–W–M–W rotations under R-R tillage system showed higher soil dehydrogenase activity (3.96 pKat/g soil) and fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity (110.76 pKat/g soil) when compared to other combinations. The inclusion of maize in the rotation irrespective of tillage systems showed comparatively higher phosphatase activities. Higher soybean grain yield (3 008 kg/ha) although not significantly higher was recorded in S+M–W rotation under C-C tillage, followed by same rotation (2 814 kg/ha) under C-R tillage system when compared to all other combinations. Moreover, IP of resident AM fungi in soybean rotation involving maize in conservation tillage was found to be highly correlated (r=0.96 to 0.99) with grain yield of soybean and maintaining higher organic carbon which indicates the functioning of resident AM fungi in enhancing the soybean yield.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal spore count was significantly higher (17.0/g soil) in soybean under the S-W-M-W rotation with C-R tillage.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- S–W–M–W rotation under C-R tillage systeme0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizale0symbiont
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal spore counte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 17.0/g soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“significantly higher mycorrhizal spore count (17.0/g soil) and infectivity potential (IP) (4.58 IP/g soil) were observed in soybean grown under S–W–M–W rotation under C-R tillage system”
Claim · model-written summary
Infectivity potential of AM fungi was significantly higher (4.58 IP/g soil) in soybean under the S-W-M-W rotation with C-R tillage.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- S–W–M–W rotation under C-R tillage systeme0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizale0symbiont
- Outcome
- infectivity potential (IP)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.58 IP/g soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“significantly higher mycorrhizal spore count (17.0/g soil) and infectivity potential (IP) (4.58 IP/g soil) were observed in soybean grown under S–W–M–W rotation under C-R tillage system”
Claim · model-written summary
The per cent root length colonized by AMF was highest (12.66%) in the S+M-W rotation under C-R tillage.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- S+M–W rotation under C-R tillage systeme0
- Interactor
- AMFe3symbiont
- Outcome
- per cent root length colonizede0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 12.66%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e3“AMF”
e0“the per cent root length colonized by AMF was found highest (12.66%) in S+M–W rotation under C-R tillage system”
Claim · model-written summary
The S+M-W or S-W-M-W rotations under R-R tillage showed higher soil dehydrogenase activity (3.96 pKat/g soil) than other combinations.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- S+M–W or S–W–M–W rotations under R-R tillage systeme0
- Outcome
- soil dehydrogenase activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 3.96 pKat/g soile0
- Comparator
- other combinationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“the S+M–W or S–W–M–W rotations under R-R tillage system showed higher soil dehydrogenase activity (3.96 pKat/g soil) and fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity (110.76 pKat/g soil) when compared to other combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
The S+M-W or S-W-M-W rotations under R-R tillage showed higher fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity (110.76 pKat/g soil) than other combinations.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- S+M–W or S–W–M–W rotations under R-R tillage systeme0
- Outcome
- fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 110.76 pKat/g soile0
- Comparator
- other combinationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“the S+M–W or S–W–M–W rotations under R-R tillage system showed higher soil dehydrogenase activity (3.96 pKat/g soil) and fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity (110.76 pKat/g soil) when compared to other combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
Including maize in the rotation, irrespective of tillage system, gave comparatively higher phosphatase activities.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- inclusion of maize in the rotatione0
- Outcome
- phosphatase activitiese0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“The inclusion of maize in the rotation irrespective of tillage systems showed comparatively higher phosphatase activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean grain yield was highest (3 008 kg/ha) in the S+M-W rotation under C-C tillage, although not significantly higher than other combinations.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- S+M–W rotation under C-C tillagee0
- Outcome
- soybean grain yielde0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Value
- 3 008 kg/hae0
- Comparator
- all other combinationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Higher soybean grain yield (3 008 kg/ha) although not significantly higher was recorded in S+M–W rotation under C-C tillage, followed by same rotation (2 814 kg/ha) under C-R tillage system when compared to all other combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean grain yield was next highest (2 814 kg/ha) in the same rotation under C-R tillage, compared with all other combinations.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- C-R tillage systeme0
- Outcome
- soybean grain yielde0
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Value
- 2 814 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- same rotatione0
- Comparator
- all other combinationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Higher soybean grain yield (3 008 kg/ha) although not significantly higher was recorded in S+M–W rotation under C-C tillage, followed by same rotation (2 814 kg/ha) under C-R tillage system when compared to all other combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
Infectivity potential of resident AM fungi in soybean rotations involving maize under conservation tillage was highly correlated (r=0.96 to 0.99) with soybean grain yield and with maintaining higher organic carbon.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- rotation involving maize in conservation tillagee0
- Interactor
- resident AM fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yield of soybeane0
- Value
- r=0.96 to 0.99e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“IP of resident AM fungi in soybean rotation involving maize in conservation tillage was found to be highly correlated (r=0.96 to 0.99) with grain yield of soybean and maintaining higher organic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret the correlations as indicating that resident AM fungi function in enhancing soybean yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- resident AM fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- enhancing the soybean yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“indicates the functioning of resident AM fungi in enhancing the soybean yield”
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See all 390 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.