Abstract
1. At the Horticultural Division of National Tohoku Agricultural Experiment Station, the authors have continued their attempt to culture apple trees in nutrient solution, and to grow normally throughout 4-5 years successively. 2. In 1951 and 1952, two-year-old non-bearing apple trees, of American Summer Pearmain, McIntosh, Jonathan, Starking Delicious, and Rall's Janett, grown in nutrient solution previously for a year, were cultured successively to study the sea-sonal nutrient (N, P, K) absorption. 3. 35-l grazed earthenware pots were used. During the season, the solution was aerated by bubbling method continuously, and was changed every other weeks at. the same time, chemical analysis of the solution and the measurement of plant growth(total weight, shoot length, etc.) were performed. The composition of the nutrient solution used were modified HOAGLANDS formula (Table 1), and in these solutions, enough residual nutrient ions were found even at the end of two weeks period. 4. It was proved from this study that, in water culture, apple trees are able to be grown more vigorously than the field condition, 5 years or more successively. 5. N absorption increased gradually from the time of growth start to midsummer, in parallel with the rising of atmospheric (water) temperature and growth increase, and reached its maximum at the time of the highest temperature (late July to early August). Then it decreased gradually with the descent of temperature, and, consequently, the N absorption after defoliation was little. Thus, seasonal absorption of N by apple trees in water culture was closely related to the change of atmospheric (water) temperature. 6. The seasonal absorption curves of K were quite different from that of the nitrogen. K absorption increased rapidly at the biginning of early growth, and reach its highest point in the early or middle June, when the shoots began their active growth. This highest level of K absorption continued for a while, till most shoots terminate their growth, however with several fractuations in the course. Then decline of absorption was apparent in accord with the decrease of shoot growth. Apparently, absorption of K related closely to the growth of shoots. 7. The absorption curve of phosphorous was quite analogous to that of N, but, in this case, there was no maximum and absolute amount of absorption was much less than that of N absorption. 8. The absorption process of water (transpiration) was almost identical with that of atmospheric temperature, accordingly this process was analogous to that of nitrogen. The quantity of the absorbed water throughout the season was unexpectedly great. 9. It seems to be found there are some correlations between the nitrate absorption and growth of fibrous roots. 10. With few exceptions, the nutrient absorptions, especially N, were closely related to the growth rate of trees. 11. The mean absorption ratio of N, P, K wereseparately 100:13. 3:46.3. 12. The varietal difference of nutrient absorption process could not be ascertained. 13. The model figure for the seasonal absorption process of N, P, K and water, and for growth process is shown in Fig. 11.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Apple trees in water culture grew more vigorously than under field conditions for five or more successive years.
- Taxon
- apple trees
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- water culturee0
- Outcome
- grown more vigorouslye0
- Direction
- more vigorouslye0
- Value
- 5 years or moree0
- Comparator
- field conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in water culture, apple trees are able to be grown more vigorously than the field condition, 5 years or more successively”
Claim · model-written summary
N absorption rose to a late July to early August maximum then declined, becoming little after defoliation.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- N absorptione0
- Direction
- increased graduallye0
- Qualifier
- late July to early Auguste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N absorption increased gradually from the time of growth start to midsummer, in parallel with the rising of atmospheric (water) temperature and growth increase, and reached its maximum at the time of the highest temperature (late July to early August). Then it decreased gradually with the descent of temperature, and, consequently, the N absorption after defoliation was little”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Seasonal N absorption was closely related to atmospheric or water temperature.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- seasonal absorption of Ne0
- Qualifier
- change of atmospheric (water) temperaturee0
- Setting
- water culturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seasonal absorption of N by apple trees in water culture was closely related to the change of atmospheric (water) temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
K absorption peaked in early or middle June and declined as shoot growth decreased.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Outcome
- K absorptione0
- Direction
- increased rapidlye0
- Qualifier
- early or middle Junee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K absorption increased rapidly at the biginning of early growth, and reach its highest point in the early or middle June, when the shoots began their active growth. This highest level of K absorption continued for a while, till most shoots terminate their growth, however with several fractuations in the course. Then decline of absorption was apparent in accord with the decrease of shoot growth”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
K absorption was closely related to shoot growth.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Outcome
- absorption of Ke0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“absorption of K related closely to the growth of shoots”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
P absorption followed a pattern like N but lacked a maximum and was much smaller in absolute amount.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- absorption curve of phosphorouse0
- Direction
- much lesse0
- Comparator
- N absorptione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The absorption curve of phosphorous was quite analogous to that of N, but, in this case, there was no maximum and absolute amount of absorption was much less than that of N absorption”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Water absorption tracked atmospheric temperature and was unexpectedly great across the season.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- absorption process of water (transpiration)e0
- Qualifier
- atmospheric temperaturee0
- Comparator
- nitrogene0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The absorption process of water (transpiration) was almost identical with that of atmospheric temperature, accordingly this process was analogous to that of nitrogen. The quantity of the absorbed water throughout the season was unexpectedly great”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate absorption appeared correlated with fibrous root growth.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fibrous rootse0
- Outcome
- nitrate absorptione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It seems to be found there are some correlations between the nitrate absorption and growth of fibrous roots”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient absorption, especially N, was closely related to tree growth rate.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- treese0
- Outcome
- nutrient absorptions, especially Ne0
- Qualifier
- growth rate of treese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With few exceptions, the nutrient absorptions, especially N, were closely related to the growth rate of trees”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The mean N:P:K absorption ratio was 100:13. 3:46.3.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- mean absorption ratio of N, P, Ke0
- Value
- 100:13. 3:46.3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean absorption ratio of N, P, K wereseparately 100:13. 3:46.3”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Varietal differences in nutrient absorption could not be ascertained.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- varietal difference of nutrient absorption processe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The varietal difference of nutrient absorption process could not be ascertained”
t0“apple trees”