Abstract
Abstract Winter cover crops for sod‐planted corn ( Zea mays L.) were studied in 11 location‐year field experiments in Virginia during the 1962–1966 period. Conventionally tilled corn with cover crop turnplowed and sod‐planted corn were also compared. Rye ( Secale cereale L.) was the most satisfactory because of superior winter hardiness, susceptibility to herbicidal killing, and the production of relatively large amounts of persistent mulch. Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and oats ( Avena sativa L.) were comparable as mulches except at higher elevations where oats winterkilled. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) was the least satisfactory winter grain tested because of resistance to herbicides. Inclusion of crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.) or hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth.) in winter grain seedings slightly increased mulch forage but not corn yields. In general, highest corn yields occurred where largest amounts of cover crop mulch occurred, except for Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.). The additional mulch produced by late versus early killing of particular cover crops tended to increase corn yields, though not always significantly. Planting corn in rye stubble after removal of forage for hay or silage reduced corn yields an average of 47% in three of seven comparisons with rye left as mulch, while yields in the remaining four were comparable. Yields of sod‐planted corn in rye sod averaged 44% higher than conventionally tilled corn in 4 of 13 comparisons and were comparable in the remaining nine. More soil moisture was found under sod‐planted corn than under conventionally tilled corn, especially during the first half of the growing season. Corn yields were increased or at least maintained, in comparison to conventional tillage, by sod‐planting in rye over a wide range of soil and moisture conditions, with the added advantages of improved soil and water conservation.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Rye was the most satisfactory winter cover crop for sod-planted corn.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Material
- Rye ( Secale cereale L.)e1
- Outcome
- most satisfactorye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter cover crops for sod‐planted corn ( Zea mays L.) were studied in 11 location‐year field experiments in Virginia during the 1962–1966 period”
e1“Rye ( Secale cereale L.) was the most satisfactory because of superior winter hardiness, susceptibility to herbicidal killing, and the production of relatively large amounts of persistent mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat and oats were comparable as mulches.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)e2
- Outcome
- comparable as mulchese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter cover crops for sod‐planted corn ( Zea mays L.) were studied in 11 location‐year field experiments in Virginia during the 1962–1966 period”
e2“Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and oats ( Avena sativa L.) were comparable as mulches except at higher elevations where oats winterkilled”
Claim · model-written summary
Oats winterkilled at higher elevations.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- oats ( Avena sativa L.)e2
- Outcome
- winterkillede2
- Setting
- higher elevationse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter cover crops for sod‐planted corn ( Zea mays L.) were studied in 11 location‐year field experiments in Virginia during the 1962–1966 period”
e2“Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and oats ( Avena sativa L.) were comparable as mulches except at higher elevations where oats winterkilled”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley was the least satisfactory winter grain tested, because of resistance to herbicides.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)e3
- Outcome
- least satisfactorye3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter cover crops for sod‐planted corn ( Zea mays L.) were studied in 11 location‐year field experiments in Virginia during the 1962–1966 period”
e3“Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) was the least satisfactory winter grain tested because of resistance to herbicides”
Claim · model-written summary
Inclusion of crimson clover or hairy vetch in winter grain seedings slightly increased mulch forage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Inclusion of crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.) or hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth.)e4
- Outcome
- mulch foragee4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- slightlye4
- Comparator
- winter grain seedingse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter cover crops for sod‐planted corn ( Zea mays L.) were studied in 11 location‐year field experiments in Virginia during the 1962–1966 period”
e4“Inclusion of crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.) or hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth.) in winter grain seedings slightly increased mulch forage but not corn yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Inclusion of crimson clover or hairy vetch in winter grain seedings did not change corn yields.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Inclusion of crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.) or hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth.)e4
- Outcome
- corn yieldse4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
- Comparator
- winter grain seedingse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter cover crops for sod‐planted corn ( Zea mays L.) were studied in 11 location‐year field experiments in Virginia during the 1962–1966 period”
e4“Inclusion of crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.) or hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth.) in winter grain seedings slightly increased mulch forage but not corn yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting corn in rye stubble after forage removal reduced corn yields by an average of 47% in three of seven comparisons.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Planting corn in rye stubble after removal of forage for hay or silagee5
- Outcome
- corn yieldse5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 47%e5
- Qualifier
- in three of seven comparisonse5
- Comparator
- rye left as mulche5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter cover crops for sod‐planted corn ( Zea mays L.) were studied in 11 location‐year field experiments in Virginia during the 1962–1966 period”
e5“Planting corn in rye stubble after removal of forage for hay or silage reduced corn yields an average of 47% in three of seven comparisons with rye left as mulch, while yields in the remaining four were comparable”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn yields after planting in rye stubble after forage removal were comparable to rye left as mulch in the remaining four comparisons.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Planting corn in rye stubble after removal of forage for hay or silagee5
- Outcome
- yieldse5
- Direction
- comparablee5
- Qualifier
- in the remaining foure5
- Comparator
- rye left as mulche5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter cover crops for sod‐planted corn ( Zea mays L.) were studied in 11 location‐year field experiments in Virginia during the 1962–1966 period”
e5“Planting corn in rye stubble after removal of forage for hay or silage reduced corn yields an average of 47% in three of seven comparisons with rye left as mulch, while yields in the remaining four were comparable”
Claim · model-written summary
Yields of sod-planted corn in rye sod averaged 44% higher than conventionally tilled corn in 4 of 13 comparisons.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- sod‐planted corn in rye sode6
- Outcome
- Yieldse6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 44%e6
- Qualifier
- in 4 of 13 comparisonse6
- Comparator
- conventionally tilled corne6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter cover crops for sod‐planted corn ( Zea mays L.) were studied in 11 location‐year field experiments in Virginia during the 1962–1966 period”
e6“Yields of sod‐planted corn in rye sod averaged 44% higher than conventionally tilled corn in 4 of 13 comparisons and were comparable in the remaining nine”
Claim · model-written summary
Yields of sod-planted corn in rye sod were comparable to conventionally tilled corn in the remaining nine comparisons.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- sod‐planted corn in rye sode6
- Outcome
- Yieldse6
- Direction
- comparablee6
- Qualifier
- in the remaining ninee6
- Comparator
- conventionally tilled corne6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter cover crops for sod‐planted corn ( Zea mays L.) were studied in 11 location‐year field experiments in Virginia during the 1962–1966 period”
e6“Yields of sod‐planted corn in rye sod averaged 44% higher than conventionally tilled corn in 4 of 13 comparisons and were comparable in the remaining nine”
Claim · model-written summary
More soil moisture was found under sod-planted corn than under conventionally tilled corn, especially in the first half of the growing season.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- sod‐planted corne7
- Outcome
- soil moisturee7
- Direction
- Moree7
- Qualifier
- especially during the first half of the growing seasone7
- Comparator
- conventionally tilled corne7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter cover crops for sod‐planted corn ( Zea mays L.) were studied in 11 location‐year field experiments in Virginia during the 1962–1966 period”
e7“More soil moisture was found under sod‐planted corn than under conventionally tilled corn, especially during the first half of the growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Sod-planting in rye increased or at least maintained corn yields compared with conventional tillage over a wide range of soil and moisture conditions.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- sod‐planting in ryee6
- Outcome
- Corn yieldse6
- Direction
- increased or at least maintainede6
- Qualifier
- over a wide range of soil and moisture conditionse6
- Comparator
- conventional tillagee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter cover crops for sod‐planted corn ( Zea mays L.) were studied in 11 location‐year field experiments in Virginia during the 1962–1966 period”
e6“Corn yields were increased or at least maintained, in comparison to conventional tillage, by sod‐planting in rye over a wide range of soil and moisture conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Sod-planting in rye is advantageous for soil and water conservation in corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- improved soil and water conservatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter cover crops for sod‐planted corn ( Zea mays L.) were studied in 11 location‐year field experiments in Virginia during the 1962–1966 period”
e7“with the added advantages of improved soil and water conservation”
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