Abstract
AbstractFrom 1993 to 2001, a maize-vegetable-wheat rotation was compared using either 1) composts, 2) manure, or 3) synthetic fertilizer for nitrogen nutrient input. From 1993 to 1998, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were used as an annual winter legume cover crop prior to maize production. From 1999 to 2001, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) served as the legume green manure nitrogen (N) source for maize. In this rotation, wheat depended entirely on residual N that remained in the soil after maize and vegetable (pepper and potato) production. Vegetables received either compost, manure, or fertilizer N inputs. Raw dairy manure stimulated the highest overall maize yields of 7,395 kg/ha (approximately 140 bushels per acre). This exceeded the Berks County mean yield of about 107 bushels per acre from 1994 to 2001. When hairy vetch replaced clover as the winter green manure cover crop, maize yields rose in three of the four treatments (approximately 500-1,300 kg/ha, or 10-24 bu/a). Hairy vetch cover cropping also resulted in a 9-25 % increase in wheat yields in the compost treatments compared to clover cover cropping. Hairy vetch cover crops increased both maize and wheat grain protein contents about 16 to 20% compared to the clover cover crop. Compost was superior to conventional synthetic fertilizer and raw dairy manure in 1) building soil nutrient levels, 2) providing residual nutrient support to wheat production, and 3) reducing nutrient losses to ground and surface waters. After 9 years, soil carbon (C) and soil N remained unchanged or declined slightly in the synthetic fertilizer treatment, but increased with use of compost amendments by 16-27% for C and by 13-16% for N. However, with hairy vetch cover crops, N leaching increased 4 times when compared to clover cover crops. September was the highest month for nitrate leaching, combining high rainfall with a lack of active cash crop or cover crop growth to use residual N. Broiler litter leaf compost (BLLC) showed the lowest nitrate leaching of all the nutrient amendments tested (P= 0.05).
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Raw dairy manure produced the highest maize yield of 7,395 kg/ha.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Raw dairy manure stimulated the highest overall maize yields of 7,395 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize yield with manure exceeded the Berks County mean.
Verbatim
e0“This exceeded the Berks County mean yield of about 107 bushels per acre from 1994 to 2001”
t0“Crop Yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Replacing clover with hairy vetch raised maize yields in three of four treatments.
- Treatment
- hairy vetche0
- Outcome
- maize yieldse0
- Direction
- rosee0
- Value
- approximately 500-1,300 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- three of the four treatmentse0
- Comparator
- clovere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When hairy vetch replaced clover as the winter green manure cover crop, maize yields rose in three of the four treatments (approximately 500-1,300 kg/ha, or 10-24 bu/a)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hairy vetch increased wheat yields by 9-25 % in compost treatments relative to clover.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Hairy vetch cover croppinge0
- Outcome
- wheat yieldse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 9-25 %e0
- Qualifier
- compost treatmentse0
- Comparator
- clover cover croppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hairy vetch cover cropping also resulted in a 9-25 % increase in wheat yields in the compost treatments compared to clover cover cropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Hairy vetch increased maize grain protein content compared with clover.
- Treatment
- Hairy vetch cover cropse0
- Outcome
- grain protein contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16 to 20%e0
- Comparator
- clover cover crope0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hairy vetch cover crops increased both maize and wheat grain protein contents about 16 to 20% compared to the clover cover crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Hairy vetch increased wheat grain protein content compared with clover.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Hairy vetch cover cropse0
- Outcome
- grain protein contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16 to 20%e0
- Comparator
- clover cover crope0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hairy vetch cover crops increased both maize and wheat grain protein contents about 16 to 20% compared to the clover cover crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost built soil nutrient levels more than synthetic fertilizer or manure.
Verbatim
e0“Compost was superior to conventional synthetic fertilizer and raw dairy manure in 1) building soil nutrient levels”
t0“Crop Yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost gave greater residual nutrient support to wheat than fertilizer or manure.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Composte0
- Outcome
- residual nutrient support to wheat productione0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- conventional synthetic fertilizer and raw dairy manuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compost was superior to conventional synthetic fertilizer and raw dairy manure in 1) building soil nutrient levels, 2) providing residual nutrient support to wheat production”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost reduced nutrient losses to water compared with fertilizer and manure.
Verbatim
e0“Compost was superior to conventional synthetic fertilizer and raw dairy manure in 1) building soil nutrient levels, 2) providing residual nutrient support to wheat production, and 3) reducing nutrient losses to ground and surface waters”
t0“Crop Yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil carbon remained unchanged or declined slightly after nine years of synthetic fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Cropt0
- Treatment
- synthetic fertilizer treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil carbon (C)e0
- Direction
- remained unchanged or declined slightlye0
- Qualifier
- After 9 yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“After 9 years, soil carbon (C) and soil N remained unchanged or declined slightly in the synthetic fertilizer treatment”
t0“Crop Yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nitrogen remained unchanged or declined slightly after nine years of synthetic fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Cropt0
- Treatment
- synthetic fertilizer treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil Ne0
- Direction
- remained unchanged or declined slightlye0
- Qualifier
- After 9 yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“After 9 years, soil carbon (C) and soil N remained unchanged or declined slightly in the synthetic fertilizer treatment”
t0“Crop Yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost increased soil carbon by 16-27% after nine years.
Verbatim
e0“After 9 years, soil carbon (C) and soil N remained unchanged or declined slightly in the synthetic fertilizer treatment, but increased with use of compost amendments by 16-27% for C and by 13-16% for N”
t0“Crop Yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost increased soil nitrogen by 13-16% after nine years.
Verbatim
e0“After 9 years, soil carbon (C) and soil N remained unchanged or declined slightly in the synthetic fertilizer treatment, but increased with use of compost amendments by 16-27% for C and by 13-16% for N”
t0“Crop Yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Hairy vetch increased nitrogen leaching fourfold relative to clover.
Verbatim
e0“with hairy vetch cover crops, N leaching increased 4 times when compared to clover cover crops”
t0“Crop Yields”
Claim · model-written summary
September had the highest nitrate leaching.
Verbatim
e0“September was the highest month for nitrate leaching, combining high rainfall with a lack of active cash crop or cover crop growth to use residual N”
t0“Crop Yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Broiler litter leaf compost had the lowest nitrate leaching of tested amendments.
Verbatim
e0“Broiler litter leaf compost (BLLC) showed the lowest nitrate leaching of all the nutrient amendments tested (P= 0.05)”
t0“Crop Yields”
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See all 3,438 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.