Abstract
Achieving the green development of agriculture requires the reduction of chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer input. Previous studies have confirmed that returning green manure to the field is an effective measure to improve crop yields while substituting partial chemical N fertilizer. However, it remains unclear how to further intensify the substituting function of green manure and elucidate its underlying agronomic mechanism. In a split-plot field experiment in spring wheat, different green manures returned to the field under reduced chemical N supply was established in an oasis area since 2018, in order to investigate the effect of green manure and reduced N on grain yield, N uptake, N use efficiency (NUE), N nutrition index, soil organic matter, and soil N of wheat in 2020–2022. Our results showed that mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch can substitute 40% of chemical N fertilizer without reducing grain yield or N accumulation. Noteworthily, mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch under reduced N by 20% showed the highest N agronomy efficiency and recovery efficiency, which were 92.0% and 46.0% higher than fallow after wheat harvest and conventional N application rate, respectively. The increase in NUE of wheat was mainly attributed to mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch, which increased N transportation quantity and transportation rate at pre-anthesis, enhanced N harvest index, optimized N nutrition index, and increased activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase of leaf, respectively. Meanwhile, mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch under reduced N by 20% improved soil organic matter and N contents. Therefore, mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch can substitute 40% of chemical N fertilizer while maintaining grain yield and N accumulation, and it combined with reduced chemical N by 20% or 40% improved NUE of wheat via enhancing N supply and uptake.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed vetch green manure with 40% less chemical N maintained wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetche0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- without reducinge0
- Value
- 40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch can substitute 40% of chemical N fertilizer without reducing grain yield or N accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed vetch green manure with 40% less chemical N maintained wheat N accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetche0
- Outcome
- N accumulatione0
- Direction
- without reducinge0
- Value
- 40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch can substitute 40% of chemical N fertilizer without reducing grain yield or N accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed vetch with 20% less N gave the highest N agronomy efficiency, 92.0% higher than fallow and conventional N.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch under reduced N by 20%e1
- Outcome
- N agronomy efficiencye1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 92.0%e1
- Comparator
- fallow after wheat harvest and conventional N application ratee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch under reduced N by 20% showed the highest N agronomy efficiency and recovery efficiency, which were 92.0% and 46.0% higher than fallow after wheat harvest and conventional N application rate, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed vetch with 20% less N gave the highest recovery efficiency, 46.0% higher than fallow and conventional N.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch under reduced N by 20%e1
- Outcome
- recovery efficiencye1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 46.0%e1
- Comparator
- fallow after wheat harvest and conventional N application ratee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch under reduced N by 20% showed the highest N agronomy efficiency and recovery efficiency, which were 92.0% and 46.0% higher than fallow after wheat harvest and conventional N application rate, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed vetch green manure increased wheat N transportation quantity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetche2
- Outcome
- N transportation quantitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e2“mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch, which increased N transportation quantity and transportation rate at pre-anthesis, enhanced N harvest index, optimized N nutrition index, and increased activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase of leaf, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed vetch green manure increased wheat transportation rate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetche2
- Outcome
- transportation ratee2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e2“mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch, which increased N transportation quantity and transportation rate at pre-anthesis, enhanced N harvest index, optimized N nutrition index, and increased activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase of leaf, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed vetch green manure enhanced wheat N harvest index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetche2
- Outcome
- N harvest indexe2
- Direction
- enhancede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e2“mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch, which increased N transportation quantity and transportation rate at pre-anthesis, enhanced N harvest index, optimized N nutrition index, and increased activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase of leaf, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed vetch green manure optimized wheat N nutrition index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetche2
- Outcome
- N nutrition indexe2
- Direction
- optimizede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e2“mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch, which increased N transportation quantity and transportation rate at pre-anthesis, enhanced N harvest index, optimized N nutrition index, and increased activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase of leaf, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed vetch green manure increased wheat activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase of leaf.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetche2
- Outcome
- activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase of leafe2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e2“mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch, which increased N transportation quantity and transportation rate at pre-anthesis, enhanced N harvest index, optimized N nutrition index, and increased activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase of leaf, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed vetch under 20% less N improved soil organic matter and N contents.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch under reduced N by 20%e3
- Outcome
- soil organic matter and N contentse3
- Direction
- improvede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e3“mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch under reduced N by 20% improved soil organic matter and N contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed vetch with 20% or 40% less chemical N improved wheat NUE via enhanced N supply and uptake.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Treatment
- reduced chemical N by 20% or 40%e4
- Outcome
- NUE of wheate4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Qualifier
- enhancing N supply and uptakee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e4“it combined with reduced chemical N by 20% or 40% improved NUE of wheat via enhancing N supply and uptake”
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