Abstract
Problem statement: Gladiolus is cultivated commonly for cut flower production, frequently as a protected crop. The glasshouse or polytunnel environment, providing excellent conditions for flower production, also make conditions more favorable for disease to develop. Approach: The pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli causes wilt diseases in a wide range of economically important plants and can have devastating effects on crop production. Trichoderma harzianum and Aneurinobacillus migulanus were tested separately and in combination for controlling F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli activity in soilless culture using Perlite as the substrate. Results: The efficiency of both of antagonists against corm rot was evaluated based on vegetative and root growth parameters and on flowering parameters. T. harzianum was more effective than A. migulanus in disease suppression and also enhanced plant growth, increased flower production and quality. A. migulanus enhanced plant growth when tested alone. The mixture of antagonists reduced the efficiency of T. harzianum. Numbers of T. harzianum CFU in the substrate and on corms increased following application compared with treating with both antagonists. No T. harzianum was detected in the substrate by 120 day after planting, however, A. migulanus CFU significantly decreased on corms when inoculated in combination with T. harzianum and F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli. However, A. migulanus CFU was not detected in the substrate of the same combination. SEM and Glasshouse results suggested that suppressive mechanisms of T. harzianum and A. migulanus differed. T. harzianum appeared to operate through a combination of antibiosis and substrate competition, whereas A. migulanus produced an electron-dense substance which may have inhibited the penetration of host tissues by F. oxysporum f. sp. gladiolus. Greater growth of T. harzianum was observed when inoculated alone or with F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli hyphae. Conclusion: It was concluded that T. harzianum provided a more efficient and effective control of F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli corm rot of Gladiolus when inoculated without A. migulanus.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum suppressed Gladiolus corm rot more effectively than Aneurinobacillus migulanus.
- Treatment
- T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladiolie1pathogen - Second interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- disease suppressione0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- A. migulanuse0
GladiolusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. harzianum was more effective than A. migulanus in disease suppression”
e1“The pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli causes wilt diseases”
t0“Trichoderma harzianum and Aneurinobacillus migulanus in the Control of Gladiolus Corm Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum enhanced Gladiolus growth, flower production and quality.
- Treatment
- T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant growth, increased flower production and qualitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. harzianum was more effective than A. migulanus in disease suppression and also enhanced plant growth, increased flower production and quality.”
t0“Gladiolus Corm Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Aneurinobacillus migulanus alone enhanced Gladiolus growth.
- Treatment
- A. migulanuse0
- Interactor
- A. migulanuse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. migulanus enhanced plant growth when tested alone.”
t0“Gladiolus Corm Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining the antagonists reduced Trichoderma harzianum efficacy in Gladiolus.
- Treatment
- mixture of antagonistse0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- Aneurinobacillus migulanust0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- efficiency of T. harzianume0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- T. harzianume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mixture of antagonists reduced the efficiency of T. harzianum.”
t0“Trichoderma harzianum and Aneurinobacillus migulanus in the Control of Gladiolus Corm Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum CFU on Gladiolus corms and substrate increased after solo application compared with joint application.
- Treatment
- following applicatione0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- T. harzianum CFU in the substrate and on cormse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- treating with both antagonistse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Numbers of T. harzianum CFU in the substrate and on corms increased following application compared with treating with both antagonists.”
t0“Gladiolus Corm Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum was undetectable in Gladiolus substrate by 120 days after planting.
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- No T. harzianum was detected in the substratee0
- Qualifier
- by 120 day after plantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No T. harzianum was detected in the substrate by 120 day after planting”
t0“Gladiolus Corm Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Aneurinobacillus migulanus CFU on Gladiolus corms decreased with joint inoculation with Trichoderma and Fusarium.
- Organ / stage
- cormse0
- Treatment
- inoculated in combination with T. harzianum and F. oxysporum f. sp. gladiolie0
- Interactor
- A. migulanuse0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioliFusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladiolie0pathogen
- Outcome
- A. migulanus CFUe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. migulanus CFU significantly decreased on corms when inoculated in combination with T. harzianum and F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli.”
t0“Gladiolus Corm Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Aneurinobacillus migulanus CFU was undetectable in substrate under the same joint inoculation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. migulanus CFU was not detected in the substrate of the same combination.”
t0“Gladiolus Corm Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
The two antagonists appeared to suppress Gladiolus disease through different mechanisms.
- Outcome
- suppressive mechanisms of T. harzianum and A. migulanus differede0
- Qualifier
- SEM and Glasshouse results suggestede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SEM and Glasshouse results suggested that suppressive mechanisms of T. harzianum and A. migulanus differed.”
t0“Gladiolus Corm Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum appeared to act through antibiosis and substrate competition in Gladiolus culture.
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antibiosis and substrate competitione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. harzianum appeared to operate through a combination of antibiosis and substrate competition”
t0“Gladiolus Corm Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Aneurinobacillus migulanus produced a substance that may inhibit Fusarium penetration of Gladiolus tissue.
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum f. sp. gladiolus
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Second interactor
- A. migulanuse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- penetration of host tissues by F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioluse0
- Qualifier
- electron-dense substancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“A. migulanus produced an electron-dense substance which may have inhibited the penetration of host tissues by F. oxysporum f. sp. gladiolus.”
t0“Gladiolus Corm Rot”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum growth was greater when alone or with Fusarium hyphae in Gladiolus culture.
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growth of T. harzianume0
- Direction
- Greatere0
- Qualifier
- when inoculated alone or with F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli hyphaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Greater growth of T. harzianum was observed when inoculated alone or with F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli hyphae.”
t0“Gladiolus Corm Rot”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma harzianum · Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli · GladiolusResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.