Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) (5-n-butylpuridine 2-carboxyl acid), a highly toxic secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium oxysporum strains, plays a significant role in disease development. The abilities of three F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli (Massey) Snyder and Hansen isolates (G010; 649-91; and 160-57) to produce FA in infected Gladiolus corm tissues was evaluated in vitro in relation to the presence of two biological control agents, Trichoderma harzianum T22, and Aneurinobacillus migulanus. Pathogenicity tests were used to differentiate between the abilities of the F. oxysporum strains to secrete FA. FA was identified using LC/MS and quantified using HPLC. Isolate G010 was significantly more virulent (P < 0.01) on Gladiolus grandiflorus corms; it secretes 1.8 μM FA/g fresh weight corm into inoculated Gladiolus. Moreover, G010 was the only isolate that produced FA among the three examined isolates. There was a correlation between the corm lesion area and the FA secretion ability of F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli (P < 0.001; r (2) = 0.96). No FA was detected in PDA cultures of F.oxysporum f. sp. gladioli isolates. The presence of T. harzianum T22 appeared to prevent FA secretion into the corms. In the presence of A. migulanus, however, the amount of FA secreted into the corm tissues increased. These results support the use of T. harzianum as an effective biological control agent against F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli isolate G010 was significantly more virulent on Gladiolus grandiflorus corms than the other isolates.
- Taxon
- Gladiolus grandiflorus
Gladiolus grandifloruse1 - Material
- G010e1
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladiolie0pathogen - Outcome
- virulente1
- Direction
- moree1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Isolate G010 was significantly more virulent (P < 0.01) on Gladiolus grandiflorus corms”
e0“three F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli (Massey) Snyder and Hansen isolates (G010; 649-91; and 160-57)”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolate G010 secreted 1.8 μM fusaric acid per gram fresh weight of inoculated Gladiolus corm.
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioliFusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladiolie0pathogen
- Outcome
- FAe2
- Value
- 1.8 μMe2
- Qualifier
- fresh weight corme2
GladiolusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“it secretes 1.8 μM FA/g fresh weight corm into inoculated Gladiolus”
e0“three F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli (Massey) Snyder and Hansen isolates (G010; 649-91; and 160-57)”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolate G010 was the only one of the three examined F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli isolates that produced fusaric acid.
- Material
- G010e3
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioliFusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladiolie0pathogen
- Outcome
- produced FAe3
- Comparator
- three examined isolatese3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“G010 was the only isolate that produced FA among the three examined isolates”
e2“it secretes 1.8 μM FA/g fresh weight corm into inoculated Gladiolus”
e0“three F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli (Massey) Snyder and Hansen isolates (G010; 649-91; and 160-57)”
Claim · model-written summary
Corm lesion area was correlated with the fusaric acid secretion ability of F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli (r2 = 0.96, P < 0.001).
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioliFusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladiolie4pathogen
- Compound
- FAe4
- Outcome
- corm lesion areae4
- Value
- r (2) = 0.96e4
- Qualifier
- P < 0.001e4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“There was a correlation between the corm lesion area and the FA secretion ability of F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli (P < 0.001; r (2) = 0.96)”
e2“it secretes 1.8 μM FA/g fresh weight corm into inoculated Gladiolus”
Claim · model-written summary
No fusaric acid was detected in potato dextrose agar cultures of F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli isolates.
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioliFusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladiolie0pathogen
- Outcome
- FA was detectede5
- Setting
- PDA culturese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“No FA was detected in PDA cultures”
e2“it secretes 1.8 μM FA/g fresh weight corm into inoculated Gladiolus”
e0“three F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli (Massey) Snyder and Hansen isolates (G010; 649-91; and 160-57)”
Claim · model-written summary
The presence of Trichoderma harzianum T22 appeared to prevent fusaric acid secretion into Gladiolus corms by F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli.
- Treatment
- presence of T. harzianum T22e6
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioliFusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladiolie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianum T22
Trichoderma harzianume6biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- FA secretion into the cormse6
- Direction
- prevente6
- Qualifier
- appeared toe6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The presence of T. harzianum T22 appeared to prevent FA secretion into the corms”
e2“it secretes 1.8 μM FA/g fresh weight corm into inoculated Gladiolus”
e0“three F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli (Massey) Snyder and Hansen isolates (G010; 649-91; and 160-57)”
Claim · model-written summary
In the presence of Aneurinobacillus migulanus, the amount of fusaric acid secreted into Gladiolus corm tissues by F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli increased.
- Treatment
- presence of A. migulanuse7
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioliFusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladiolie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Aneurinobacillus migulanuse4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- the amount of FA secreted into the corm tissuese7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“In the presence of A. migulanus, however, the amount of FA secreted into the corm tissues increased”
e2“it secretes 1.8 μM FA/g fresh weight corm into inoculated Gladiolus”
e4“two biological control agents, Trichoderma harzianum T22, and Aneurinobacillus migulanus”
e0“three F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli (Massey) Snyder and Hansen isolates (G010; 649-91; and 160-57)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend Trichoderma harzianum as an effective biological control agent against F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli in Gladiolus.
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioliFusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladiolie3pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- use of T. harzianum as an effective biological control agente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“These results support the use of T. harzianum as an effective biological control agent against F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli”
e2“it secretes 1.8 μM FA/g fresh weight corm into inoculated Gladiolus”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma harzianum · Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli · GladiolusResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.