Abstract
Abstract The possibility that symptoms of flooding damage in plants are primarily caused by an accumulation of ethylene was investigated using pot‐grown sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ) plants. When plants were flooded to the basal pairs of leaves, ethylene in roots and stems below the water line began to increase. This coincided with the start of hypocotyl hypertrophy and new root formation in hypocotyls, which continued for 14‐16 days. There were highly significant correlations between ethylene concentration and number of roots and hypocotyl diameter. After approximately 4 days of flooding, ethylene concentrations in stems between nodes for the 1st and 3rd basal pairs of leaves started to increase, coinciding with initiation of chlorophyll breakdown and epinasty of the 2nd basal pairs of leaves. Thus, there were correlations between ethylene concentration and chlorophyll breakdown and epinasty. The lower the leaves, the more chlorophyll breakdown among 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th basal pairs of leaves. The longer the flooding, the more severe the flooding damage; and even when returned to normal condition, plants flooded longer than 3 days were not able to recover from flooding damage. A gas chromatographic study revealed that Ethephon was absorbed by roots and decomposed to ethylene in the plant. Damage symptoms caused by soil application of Ethephon, such as reduced stem height, chlorophyll breakdown, epinasty of the 2nd basal pairs of leaves, and hypocotyl hypertrophy, were almost identical with those caused by soil flooding treatment. Microscopic studies revealed that radially enlarged cells and increased intercellular spaces in the cortex were the major contribution to the increased hypocotyl diameter in both flooded and Ethephon‐treated plants. It is concluded that the increase in ethylene concentration in flooded plants is largely, although not exclusively, responsible for flooding damage symptoms.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding increased ethylene in submerged roots and stems.
- Taxon
- Sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Organ / stage
- roots and stemse0
- Treatment
- flooded to the basal pairs of leavese0
- Outcome
- ethylene in roots and stems below the water linee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When plants were flooded to the basal pairs of leaves, ethylene in roots and stems below the water line began to increase.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypocotyl hypertrophy and new root formation began with the ethylene rise and continued for 14–16 days.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- hypocotylse0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl hypertrophy and new root formation in hypocotylse0
- Value
- 14‐16 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This coincided with the start of hypocotyl hypertrophy and new root formation in hypocotyls, which continued for 14‐16 days.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene concentration was highly significantly correlated with root number.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Compound
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- number of rootse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were highly significant correlations between ethylene concentration and number of roots and hypocotyl diameter.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene concentration was highly significantly correlated with hypocotyl diameter.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- hypocotyle0
- Compound
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl diametere0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were highly significant correlations between ethylene concentration and number of roots and hypocotyl diameter.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
After about four days of flooding, stem ethylene rose as leaf chlorophyll breakdown and epinasty began.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- stemse0
- Outcome
- ethylene concentrations in stemse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- approximately 4 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After approximately 4 days of flooding, ethylene concentrations in stems between nodes for the 1st and 3rd basal pairs of leaves started to increase, coinciding with initiation of chlorophyll breakdown and epinasty of the 2nd basal pairs of leaves.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene concentration correlated with chlorophyll breakdown and epinasty.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Compound
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll breakdown and epinastye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus, there were correlations between ethylene concentration and chlorophyll breakdown and epinasty.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower leaves had more chlorophyll breakdown.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll breakdowne0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lower the leaves, the more chlorophyll breakdown among 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th basal pairs of leaves.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer flooding produced more severe damage.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- floodinge0
- Outcome
- flooding damagee0
- Direction
- more severee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The longer the flooding, the more severe the flooding damage; and even when returned to normal condition, plants flooded longer than 3 days were not able to recover from flooding damage.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants flooded longer than three days did not recover after return to normal conditions.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- flooded longer than 3 dayse0
- Outcome
- were not able to recover from flooding damagee0
- Value
- 3 dayse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“even when returned to normal condition, plants flooded longer than 3 days were not able to recover from flooding damage.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Root-absorbed Ethephon decomposed to ethylene in sunflower.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Ethephon was absorbed by roots and decomposed to ethylenee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A gas chromatographic study revealed that Ethephon was absorbed by roots and decomposed to ethylene in the plant.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil-applied Ethephon caused reduced stem height, chlorophyll breakdown, and epinasty resembling flooding symptoms.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Treatment
- soil application of Ethephone0
- Outcome
- reduced stem height, chlorophyll breakdown, epinastye0
- Comparator
- soil flooding treatmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Damage symptoms caused by soil application of Ethephon, such as reduced stem height, chlorophyll breakdown, epinasty of the 2nd basal pairs of leaves, and hypocotyl hypertrophy, were almost identical with those caused by soil flooding treatment.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon and flooding also produced similar hypocotyl hypertrophy.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- hypocotyle0
- Treatment
- soil application of Ethephone0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl hypertrophye0
- Comparator
- soil flooding treatmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Damage symptoms caused by soil application of Ethephon, such as reduced stem height, chlorophyll breakdown, epinasty of the 2nd basal pairs of leaves, and hypocotyl hypertrophy, were almost identical with those caused by soil flooding treatment.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Radially enlarged cortical cells and larger intercellular spaces contributed most to the wider hypocotyl under both treatments.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- cortexe0
- Outcome
- increased hypocotyl diametere0
- Qualifier
- radially enlarged cells and increased intercellular spacese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microscopic studies revealed that radially enlarged cells and increased intercellular spaces in the cortex were the major contribution to the increased hypocotyl diameter in both flooded and Ethephon‐treated plants.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that increased ethylene largely, but not exclusively, causes flooding damage symptoms.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Compound
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- flooding damage symptomse0
- Qualifier
- largely, although not exclusivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is concluded that the increase in ethylene concentration in flooded plants is largely, although not exclusively, responsible for flooding damage symptoms.”
t0“Sunflower”
The same questions in other papers
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid · physiology: pigments · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
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flooding · physiology: hormones · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
application · physiology: pigments · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 20 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
18 papers more in this group
See all 22 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.