Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) pollen is highly sensitive to water, rupturing within 1 to 2 min of contact. Flowers sprayed with known volumes of water showed that a single spray with 1 mL of water reduced seed set by 55%. Additional spray applications resulted in further losses and ultimately flower shedding. Field studies in 2000 and 2001 used a center pivot equipped with sprinklers and drag socks to determine the effect of timing and water application methods on fruit losses. Treatments included different application times (0800 to 1000 h, 1000 to 1200 h, 1200 to 1400 h, and 1400 to 1600 h) with 77 m3 of water. The plots were irrigated eight times from 1 Aug. to 1 Sept. 2000 and 11 times from 10 July to 21 Aug. 2001. Flowers were tagged before irrigation and tracked throughout the season. No significant differences in fruit losses were observed in the 0800- to 1000-h treatment; however, fruit losses progressively increased under the sprinkler treatments compared with the drag sock treatments as the day progressed. Maximum fruit losses occurred in the 1400- to 1600-h treatments. The time course of sprinkler-induced fruit losses tracked the opening of the flower and dehiscence of the pollen. Evaluation of seasonal lint yields showed a 21% reduction in 2000 and 11% yield reduction in 2001 under sprinkler irrigation compared with drag sock irrigation. These results emphasize the need to use production practices that limit water contact with open cotton flowers.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton pollen ruptures within 1 to 2 min of contact with water.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Organ / stage
- pollene0
- Outcome
- rupturinge0
- Value
- 1 to 2 mine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) pollen is highly sensitive to water, rupturing within 1 to 2 min of contact”
Claim · model-written summary
A single spray of 1 mL of water reduced cotton seed set by 55%.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Organ / stage
- Flowerse1
- Treatment
- a single spray with 1 mL of watere1
- Outcome
- seed sete1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 55%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) pollen is highly sensitive to water, rupturing within 1 to 2 min of contact”
e1“Flowers sprayed with known volumes of water showed that a single spray with 1 mL of water reduced seed set by 55%”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional spray applications resulted in further cotton flower shedding.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Additional spray applicationse2
- Outcome
- flower sheddinge2
- Direction
- resulted in further lossese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) pollen is highly sensitive to water, rupturing within 1 to 2 min of contact”
e2“Additional spray applications resulted in further losses and ultimately flower shedding”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit losses did not differ significantly among cotton plants in the 0800- to 1000-h irrigation treatment.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- 0800- to 1000-h treatmente3
- Outcome
- fruit lossese3
- Direction
- No significant differencese3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) pollen is highly sensitive to water, rupturing within 1 to 2 min of contact”
e3“No significant differences in fruit losses were observed in the 0800- to 1000-h treatment; however, fruit losses progressively increased under the sprinkler treatments compared with the drag sock treatments as the day progressed”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit losses under sprinkler irrigation progressively increased compared with drag sock irrigation as the day progressed.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- sprinkler treatmentse3
- Outcome
- fruit lossese3
- Direction
- progressively increasede3
- Qualifier
- as the day progressede3
- Comparator
- drag sock treatmentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) pollen is highly sensitive to water, rupturing within 1 to 2 min of contact”
e3“No significant differences in fruit losses were observed in the 0800- to 1000-h treatment; however, fruit losses progressively increased under the sprinkler treatments compared with the drag sock treatments as the day progressed”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum cotton fruit losses occurred in the 1400- to 1600-h irrigation treatments.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- 1400- to 1600-h treatmentse4
- Outcome
- fruit lossese4
- Direction
- Maximume4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) pollen is highly sensitive to water, rupturing within 1 to 2 min of contact”
e4“Maximum fruit losses occurred in the 1400- to 1600-h treatments. The time course of sprinkler-induced fruit losses tracked the opening of the flower and dehiscence of the pollen”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkler-induced fruit losses over time tracked flower opening and pollen dehiscence in cotton.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Organ / stage
- the opening of the flowere4
- Outcome
- time course of sprinkler-induced fruit lossese4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) pollen is highly sensitive to water, rupturing within 1 to 2 min of contact”
e4“Maximum fruit losses occurred in the 1400- to 1600-h treatments. The time course of sprinkler-induced fruit losses tracked the opening of the flower and dehiscence of the pollen”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkler irrigation reduced seasonal cotton lint yield by 21% compared with drag sock irrigation in 2000.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- sprinkler irrigatione5
- Outcome
- seasonal lint yieldse5
- Direction
- reductione5
- Value
- 21%e5
- Qualifier
- in 2000e5
- Comparator
- drag sock irrigatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) pollen is highly sensitive to water, rupturing within 1 to 2 min of contact”
e5“Evaluation of seasonal lint yields showed a 21% reduction in 2000 and 11% yield reduction in 2001 under sprinkler irrigation compared with drag sock irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkler irrigation reduced seasonal cotton lint yield by 11% compared with drag sock irrigation in 2001.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- sprinkler irrigatione5
- Outcome
- seasonal lint yieldse5
- Direction
- yield reductione5
- Value
- 11%e5
- Qualifier
- in 2001e5
- Comparator
- drag sock irrigatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) pollen is highly sensitive to water, rupturing within 1 to 2 min of contact”
e5“Evaluation of seasonal lint yields showed a 21% reduction in 2000 and 11% yield reduction in 2001 under sprinkler irrigation compared with drag sock irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Production practices that limit water contact with open cotton flowers are needed.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume6
- Outcome
- production practices that limit water contact with open cotton flowerse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“These results emphasize the need to use production practices that limit water contact with open cotton flowers”
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