Abstract
The effects of conventional stem-only and whole-tree harvesting on nutrient losses in biomass removal and in leachate fluxes over a 3-yr period after cutting three white birch stands in central Newfoundland were determined. Losses of nutrients in biomass were proportionately greater with more intensive harvesting as tree components with higher nutrient concentrations (branches, foliage) were removed. Stem-only harvesting removed 126, 9, 51, 126 and 23 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in biomass, respectively. Whole-tree harvesting led to a 19% increase in biomass removal as compared to stem-only harvesting, but nutrient removals with whole-tree harvesting increased by 127% for N, 138% for P, 151% for K, 72% for Ca and 90% for Mg. Nutrient losses in deep percolation of soil solution during the first 3 yr after harvesting were generally greater following stem-only than whole-tree harvesting. This may be the result of increased leaching from slash, increased mineralization beneath slash, and retardation by slash of the successional vegetation that could act as a nutrient sink. In the first 3 yr following harvesting, leaching losses after whole-tree harvesting were 4, 0.2, 8, 23 and 7 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, respectively, as compared with 9, 0.1, 7, 28 and 9 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg after stem-only harvesting. Nutrient losses in leachate were generally small compared to losses in biomass removal. Key words: Intensive harvesting; slash; nutrient budget; sustainable site productivity; Betula papyrifera (Marsh.)
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
More intensive harvesting caused proportionately greater biomass nutrient losses by removing nutrient-rich branches and foliage.
- Taxon
- white birch
Betula pendulat0 - Treatment
- more intensive harvestinge0
- Outcome
- Losses of nutrients in biomasse0
- Qualifier
- tree components with higher nutrient concentrations (branches, foliage) were removede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Losses of nutrients in biomass were proportionately greater with more intensive harvesting as tree components with higher nutrient concentrations (branches, foliage) were removed.”
t0“white birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem-only harvesting removed 126 kg ha−1 nitrogen in biomass.
- Taxon
- white birchBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- Stem-only harvestinge0
- Outcome
- Ne0
- Value
- 126e0
- Qualifier
- kg ha –1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem-only harvesting removed 126, 9, 51, 126 and 23 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in biomass, respectively.”
t0“white birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem-only harvesting removed 9 kg ha−1 phosphorus in biomass.
- Taxon
- white birchBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- Stem-only harvestinge0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Value
- 9e0
- Qualifier
- kg ha –1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem-only harvesting removed 126, 9, 51, 126 and 23 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in biomass, respectively.”
t0“white birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem-only harvesting removed 51 kg ha−1 potassium in biomass.
- Taxon
- white birchBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- Stem-only harvestinge0
- Outcome
- Ke0
- Value
- 51e0
- Qualifier
- kg ha –1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem-only harvesting removed 126, 9, 51, 126 and 23 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in biomass, respectively.”
t0“white birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem-only harvesting removed 126 kg ha−1 calcium in biomass.
- Taxon
- white birchBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- Stem-only harvestinge0
- Outcome
- Cae0
- Value
- 126e0
- Qualifier
- kg ha –1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem-only harvesting removed 126, 9, 51, 126 and 23 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in biomass, respectively.”
t0“white birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem-only harvesting removed 23 kg ha−1 magnesium in biomass.
- Taxon
- white birchBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- Stem-only harvestinge0
- Outcome
- Mge0
- Value
- 23 kg ha –1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem-only harvesting removed 126, 9, 51, 126 and 23 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in biomass, respectively.”
t0“white birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole-tree harvesting increased biomass removal by 19% versus stem-only harvesting.
- Taxon
- white birchBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- Whole-tree harvestinge0
- Outcome
- biomass removale0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Comparator
- stem-only harvestinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Whole-tree harvesting led to a 19% increase in biomass removal as compared to stem-only harvesting”
t0“white birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole-tree harvesting increased nitrogen removal by 127%.
- Taxon
- white birchBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- whole-tree harvestinge0
- Outcome
- Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 127%e0
- Comparator
- stem-only harvestinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutrient removals with whole-tree harvesting increased by 127% for N, 138% for P, 151% for K, 72% for Ca and 90% for Mg.”
e1“as compared to stem-only harvesting”
t0“white birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole-tree harvesting increased phosphorus removal by 138%.
- Taxon
- white birchBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- whole-tree harvestinge0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 138%e0
- Comparator
- stem-only harvestinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutrient removals with whole-tree harvesting increased by 127% for N, 138% for P, 151% for K, 72% for Ca and 90% for Mg.”
e1“as compared to stem-only harvesting”
t0“white birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole-tree harvesting increased potassium removal by 151%.
- Taxon
- white birchBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- whole-tree harvestinge0
- Outcome
- Ke0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 151%e0
- Comparator
- stem-only harvestinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutrient removals with whole-tree harvesting increased by 127% for N, 138% for P, 151% for K, 72% for Ca and 90% for Mg.”
e1“as compared to stem-only harvesting”
t0“white birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole-tree harvesting increased calcium removal by 72%.
- Taxon
- white birchBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- whole-tree harvestinge0
- Outcome
- Cae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 72%e0
- Comparator
- stem-only harvestinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutrient removals with whole-tree harvesting increased by 127% for N, 138% for P, 151% for K, 72% for Ca and 90% for Mg.”
e1“as compared to stem-only harvesting”
t0“white birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole-tree harvesting increased magnesium removal by 90%.
- Taxon
- white birchBetula pendulat0
- Treatment
- whole-tree harvestinge0
- Outcome
- Mge0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 90%e0
- Comparator
- stem-only harvestinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutrient removals with whole-tree harvesting increased by 127% for N, 138% for P, 151% for K, 72% for Ca and 90% for Mg.”
e1“as compared to stem-only harvesting”
t0“white birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep-percolation nutrient losses were generally greater after stem-only than whole-tree harvesting during three years.
- Treatment
- stem-onlye0
- Outcome
- Nutrient losses in deep percolation of soil solutione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- during the first 3 yre0
- Comparator
- whole-tree harvestinge0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Nutrient losses in deep percolation of soil solution during the first 3 yr after harvesting were generally greater following stem-only than whole-tree harvesting.”
t0“white birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater leaching may reflect slash leaching, mineralization beneath slash and delayed successional vegetation nutrient sinks.
- Outcome
- increased leachinge0
- Qualifier
- increased leaching from slash, increased mineralization beneath slash, and retardation by slash of the successional vegetatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“This may be the result of increased leaching from slash, increased mineralization beneath slash, and retardation by slash of the successional vegetation that could act as a nutrient sink.”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-year nitrogen leaching was 4 kg ha−1 after whole-tree versus 9 after stem-only harvesting.
- Treatment
- whole-tree harvestinge0
- Outcome
- Ne0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 4e0
- Qualifier
- 9, 0.1, 7, 28 and 9 kg ha –1e0
- Comparator
- stem-only harvestinge0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In the first 3 yr following harvesting, leaching losses after whole-tree harvesting were 4, 0.2, 8, 23 and 7 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, respectively, as compared with 9, 0.1, 7, 28 and 9 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg after stem-only harvesting.”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-year phosphorus leaching was 0.2 kg ha−1 after whole-tree versus 0.1 after stem-only harvesting.
- Treatment
- whole-tree harvestinge0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 0.2e0
- Qualifier
- 9, 0.1, 7, 28 and 9 kg ha –1e0
- Comparator
- stem-only harvestinge0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In the first 3 yr following harvesting, leaching losses after whole-tree harvesting were 4, 0.2, 8, 23 and 7 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, respectively, as compared with 9, 0.1, 7, 28 and 9 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg after stem-only harvesting.”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-year potassium leaching was 8 kg ha−1 after whole-tree versus 7 after stem-only harvesting.
- Treatment
- whole-tree harvestinge0
- Outcome
- Ke0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 8e0
- Qualifier
- 9, 0.1, 7, 28 and 9 kg ha –1e0
- Comparator
- stem-only harvestinge0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In the first 3 yr following harvesting, leaching losses after whole-tree harvesting were 4, 0.2, 8, 23 and 7 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, respectively, as compared with 9, 0.1, 7, 28 and 9 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg after stem-only harvesting.”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-year calcium leaching was 23 kg ha−1 after whole-tree versus 28 after stem-only harvesting.
- Treatment
- whole-tree harvestinge0
- Outcome
- Cae0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 23e0
- Qualifier
- 9, 0.1, 7, 28 and 9 kg ha –1e0
- Comparator
- stem-only harvestinge0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In the first 3 yr following harvesting, leaching losses after whole-tree harvesting were 4, 0.2, 8, 23 and 7 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, respectively, as compared with 9, 0.1, 7, 28 and 9 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg after stem-only harvesting.”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-year magnesium leaching was 7 kg ha−1 after whole-tree versus 9 after stem-only harvesting.
- Treatment
- whole-tree harvestinge0
- Outcome
- Mge0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 7 kg ha –1e0
- Qualifier
- 9, 0.1, 7, 28 and 9 kg ha –1e0
- Comparator
- stem-only harvestinge0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In the first 3 yr following harvesting, leaching losses after whole-tree harvesting were 4, 0.2, 8, 23 and 7 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, respectively, as compared with 9, 0.1, 7, 28 and 9 kg ha –1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg after stem-only harvesting.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leachate nutrient losses were generally small compared with biomass-removal losses.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Nutrient losses in leachate were generally small compared to losses in biomass removal.”