Abstract
Abstract Increased sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity effects on bitter almond (Amygdalus communis L.) growth, cell osmolarity and nutrient acquisition were studied in vitro. Elevated salinity from 0.0 (control) to 50, 75, 100 mM NaCl resulted in reduction in shoot growth (shoot height, shoot dry weight) and rooting (rooting percentage, root number, root length). Reductions in growth parameters were accompanied with reductions in leaf cell sap osmolarity from −4.0 (control) to −11.1 [at 100 mM NaCl]. Acquisition of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) was decreased with elevated salinity in the medium. On the other hand, micronutrients, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) as well as sodium (Na) increased with elevated salinity levels in the medium. Iron (Fe) was negatively affected and its acquisition was decreased with imposed salinity in the medium accompanied with increased chlorosis percentage. However, growth did not stop under the imposed treatments indicating a high tolerance of bitter almond to salinity stress up to the levels used in this study. Results also support the efficiency of a microculture (in vitro) system for the study of salinity tolerance. Keywords: AlmondOsmotic adjustmentSalinityTissue culture Acknowledgments Authors would like to thank the Deanship of Research at Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan, for funding this study. Project #3/99.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Higher NaCl reduced shoot height and dry weight.
- Taxon
- bitter almond
Prunus dulcis var. amarae0 - Treatment
- 50, 75, 100 mM NaCle1
- Outcome
- shoot growth (shoot height, shoot dry weight)e1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- 0.0 (control)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bitter almond (Amygdalus communis L.)”
e1“Elevated salinity from 0.0 (control) to 50, 75, 100 mM NaCl resulted in reduction in shoot growth (shoot height, shoot dry weight)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher NaCl reduced rooting percentage, root number and root length.
- Taxon
- bitter almondPrunus dulcis var. amarae0
- Treatment
- 50, 75, 100 mM NaCle1
- Outcome
- rooting (rooting percentage, root number, root length)e1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- 0.0 (control)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bitter almond (Amygdalus communis L.)”
e1“Elevated salinity from 0.0 (control) to 50, 75, 100 mM NaCl resulted in reduction in shoot growth (shoot height, shoot dry weight) and rooting (rooting percentage, root number, root length)”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf cell sap osmolarity shifted from −4.0 to −11.1 at 100 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- bitter almondPrunus dulcis var. amarae0
- Treatment
- 100 mM NaCle1
- Outcome
- leaf cell sap osmolaritye1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Value
- −11.1e1
- Qualifier
- −4.0e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bitter almond (Amygdalus communis L.)”
e1“Reductions in growth parameters were accompanied with reductions in leaf cell sap osmolarity from −4.0 (control) to −11.1 [at 100 mM NaCl].”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated salinity decreased acquisition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
- Taxon
- bitter almondPrunus dulcis var. amarae0
- Treatment
- elevated salinitye1
- Outcome
- Acquisition of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)e1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bitter almond (Amygdalus communis L.)”
e1“Acquisition of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) was decreased with elevated salinity in the medium.”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated salinity decreased acquisition of calcium and magnesium.
- Taxon
- bitter almondPrunus dulcis var. amarae0
- Treatment
- elevated salinitye1
- Outcome
- calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)e1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bitter almond (Amygdalus communis L.)”
e1“calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) was decreased with elevated salinity in the medium”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc, copper and manganese increased with elevated salinity.
- Taxon
- bitter almondPrunus dulcis var. amarae0
- Treatment
- elevated salinity levelse1
- Outcome
- zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bitter almond (Amygdalus communis L.)”
e1“micronutrients, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) as well as sodium (Na) increased with elevated salinity levels in the medium.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium increased with elevated salinity.
- Taxon
- bitter almondPrunus dulcis var. amarae0
- Treatment
- elevated salinity levelse1
- Outcome
- sodium (Na)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bitter almond (Amygdalus communis L.)”
e1“sodium (Na) increased with elevated salinity levels in the medium”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron acquisition decreased under salinity.
- Taxon
- bitter almondPrunus dulcis var. amarae0
- Treatment
- imposed salinitye1
- Outcome
- Iron (Fe)e1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bitter almond (Amygdalus communis L.)”
e1“Iron (Fe) was negatively affected and its acquisition was decreased with imposed salinity in the medium accompanied with increased chlorosis percentage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorosis percentage increased under salinity.
- Taxon
- bitter almondPrunus dulcis var. amarae0
- Treatment
- imposed salinitye1
- Outcome
- chlorosis percentagee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bitter almond (Amygdalus communis L.)”
e1“its acquisition was decreased with imposed salinity in the medium accompanied with increased chlorosis percentage”
Claim · model-written summary
Bitter almond continued growing under the tested salinity treatments.
- Taxon
- bitter almondPrunus dulcis var. amarae0
- Treatment
- imposed treatmentse0
- Outcome
- growth did not stope0
- Qualifier
- up to the levels used in this studye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth did not stop under the imposed treatments indicating a high tolerance of bitter almond to salinity stress up to the levels used in this study”
Claim · model-written summary
The microculture system was reported efficient for studying salinity tolerance.
- Taxon
- bitter almondPrunus dulcis var. amarae0
- Outcome
- efficiency of a microculture (in vitro) system for the study of salinity tolerancee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bitter almond (Amygdalus communis L.)”
e1“Results also support the efficiency of a microculture (in vitro) system for the study of salinity tolerance.”
The same questions in other papers
sodium chloride · growth · Prunus dulcis (almond)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
salinity · physiology: pigments · Prunus dulcis (almond)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.