Abstract
Introduction: Salinity is the most significant abiotic factor limiting crop productivity and several physiological responses, including modification of ion balance, water status, mineral nutrition, stomatal behavior, photosynthetic efficiency and so on. The GF677 (Prunuspersica×Prunusamygdalus) is widelyusedas rootstock for peach and almond. It is mainly used as a rootstock because of its resistance to drought, calcic soil and Fe deficiency. Nowadays, using tissue culture techniques is very popular for the selection of plant resistant to abiotic stress (in vitro salinity); because in vitro conditions are more controllable than in vivo conditions and the large number of genotypes can be evaluated in a limited space. For example, in the field, plants are exposed to variable biological and climatic conditions which result in some interaction effects. In other words, the nutrition and climatic effects are easily controllable in the in vitro conditions all over the year. The objective of this study is to identify biochemical markers of salinity stress of GF677 rootstock under in vitro conditions. Materials and Methods: Plantlets of GF677 rootstock were subcultured into the Murashige and Skoog (MS) proliferation medium containing1 mg/l BA (6-Benzyladenine)and 0.1 mg/l NAA (naphthaline acetic acid) with different concentrations (0, 40, 80 and 120 mM) of sodium chloride (NaCl) with four replicates. Cultures were transferred to the growth chamber with temperature of 25±2°C, relative humidity of 70%, under a 16/8 h (day/night) photoperiod. Data were collected at the end of the experiment (6th weeks). Antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase and peroxidase),total protein content, proline content, soluble sugars, and Na and Cl were measured. The experiments were set up in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicates (a vessel in each replicate) and statistical analysis was performed using MSTAT-C program. Means were separated according to the Duncan’s multiple range test (DNMRT) at 0.05 level of probability. Results and Discussion: After six weeks, the results showed that by increasing salinity levelsin the culture medium, antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase and peroxidase),total protein content, proline content and soluble sugars increased significantly. The antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase and peroxidase) were increased significantly in the GF677 rootstock by increasing salinity levels. Catalase activity increased with increasing salinity levels, such that the maximum value (0.61 [abs/min /mg protein (f.m)]) was observed in 80 mM sodium chloride treatment. The lowest catalase activity (0.11 mg [abs/min /mg protein (f.m)]) was observed in 120 mM. The highest of peroxidase enzyme activity (0.109 and 0.105 [abs/min /mg protein (f.m)]), was obtained in 80 and 40 mM, respectively. Also, by increasing the salinity level, total protein content increased significantly in GF677 plantlets. The highest total protein was observed in 80 mM sodium chloride. By increasing salinity levels, proline content increased compared to the control at the GF677 rootstock, but no significant difference was observed between salinity levels. The highest accumulation of proline was obtained in 80 and 120 mM, respectively, while the lowest proline was obtained in control. By increasing salinity levels, soluble sugars increased in GF677 rootstock. The highest accumulation of soluble sugars was obtained in 80 mM. By increasing salinity levels in the cultural medium, the uptakeof sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) significantly increased in GF677 rootstocks over the six-week culture period. The highest uptake of Na and Cl ions in plant tissue was observed in 4th week. The results showed that with increasing salinity levels (80 to 120 mM), leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD unit) decreased in GF677 rootstock. The lowest chlorophyll index was observed in 120 mM treatment, while the highest leaf chlorophyll index was obtained in the control treatment. Conclusion: According to the results and analysis of biochemical and enzymatic responses,it can be concluded that GF677 is a concentration tolerant to salinity up to 120 mM. The highest amount of biochemical responses and enzymatic activity was observed at 80 mM, where the continued growth of the plant was in terms of salinity. The rootstock was due to antioxidant defense mechanisms such as antioxidant systems, osmotic adjustment by proline and soluble sugars and increasing protein synthesis can sustain growth even under salinity conditions, as a tolerant rootstock was used for peach and almond cultivars.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity significantly increased catalase and peroxidase activities.
- Taxon
- Peach and Almond
Prunus dulcis
Prunus persicat0 - Material
- GF677t0
- Treatment
- increasing salinity levelsin the culture mediume0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase and peroxidase)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by increasing salinity levelsin the culture medium, antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase and peroxidase),total protein content, proline content and soluble sugars increased significantly”
t0“GF677 (Peach and Almond Hybrid) Rootstock”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity significantly increased total protein content.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677t0
- Treatment
- increasing salinity levelsin the culture mediume0
- Outcome
- total protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by increasing salinity levelsin the culture medium, antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase and peroxidase),total protein content, proline content and soluble sugars increased significantly”
t0“GF677 (Peach and Almond Hybrid) Rootstock”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity significantly increased proline content.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677t0
- Treatment
- increasing salinity levelsin the culture mediume0
- Outcome
- proline contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by increasing salinity levelsin the culture medium, antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase and peroxidase),total protein content, proline content and soluble sugars increased significantly”
t0“GF677 (Peach and Almond Hybrid) Rootstock”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity significantly increased soluble sugars.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677t0
- Treatment
- increasing salinity levelsin the culture mediume0
- Outcome
- soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by increasing salinity levelsin the culture medium, antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase and peroxidase),total protein content, proline content and soluble sugars increased significantly”
t0“GF677 (Peach and Almond Hybrid) Rootstock”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase activity peaked at 0.61 in 80 mM sodium chloride.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677t0
- Treatment
- 80 mM sodium chloride treatmente0
- Gene
- Catalasee1
- Outcome
- maximum valuee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 0.61 [abs/min /mg protein (f.m)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum value (0.61 [abs/min /mg protein (f.m)]) was observed in 80 mM sodium chloride treatment”
e1“Catalase activity increased with increasing salinity levels”
t0“GF677 (Peach and Almond Hybrid) Rootstock”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase activity was lowest at 120 mM sodium chloride.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677t0
- Treatment
- 120 mMe0
- Outcome
- catalase activitye0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 0.11 mg [abs/min /mg protein (f.m)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest catalase activity (0.11 mg [abs/min /mg protein (f.m)]) was observed in 120 mM”
t0“GF677 (Peach and Almond Hybrid) Rootstock”
Claim · model-written summary
Peroxidase activity was highest at 80 mM, with a value of 0.109.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677t0
- Treatment
- 80e0
- Outcome
- peroxidase enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.109e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest of peroxidase enzyme activity (0.109 and 0.105 [abs/min /mg protein (f.m)]), was obtained in 80 and 40 mM, respectively”
t0“GF677 (Peach and Almond Hybrid) Rootstock”
Claim · model-written summary
Peroxidase activity at 40 mM was reported as 0.105.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677t0
- Treatment
- 40 mMe0
- Outcome
- peroxidase enzyme activitye0
- Value
- 0.105 [abs/min /mg protein (f.m)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“peroxidase enzyme activity (0.109 and 0.105 [abs/min /mg protein (f.m)]), was obtained in 80 and 40 mM, respectively”
t0“GF677 (Peach and Almond Hybrid) Rootstock”
Claim · model-written summary
Total protein was highest at 80 mM sodium chloride.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677t0
- Treatment
- 80 mM sodium chloridee0
- Outcome
- total proteine0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest total protein was observed in 80 mM sodium chloride”
t0“GF677 (Peach and Almond Hybrid) Rootstock”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline content rose against control, without significant differences among salinity levels.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677e0
- Treatment
- salinity levelse0
- Outcome
- proline contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“proline content increased compared to the control at the GF677 rootstock, but no significant difference was observed between salinity levels”
t0“Peach and Almond Hybrid”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline accumulation was highest at 80 and 120 mM and lowest in control.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677t0
- Treatment
- 80 and 120 mMe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of prolinee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest accumulation of proline was obtained in 80 and 120 mM, respectively, while the lowest proline was obtained in control”
t0“GF677 (Peach and Almond Hybrid) Rootstock”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble sugars were highest at 80 mM.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677t0
- Treatment
- 80 mMe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest accumulation of soluble sugars was obtained in 80 mM”
t0“GF677 (Peach and Almond Hybrid) Rootstock”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity significantly increased sodium uptake.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677e0
- Treatment
- increasing salinity levelse0
- Outcome
- uptakeof sodium (Na+)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by increasing salinity levels in the cultural medium, the uptakeof sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) significantly increased in GF677 rootstocks”
t0“Peach and Almond Hybrid”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity significantly increased chlorine uptake.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677e0
- Treatment
- increasing salinity levelse0
- Outcome
- chlorine (Cl-)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by increasing salinity levels in the cultural medium, the uptakeof sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) significantly increased in GF677 rootstocks”
t0“Peach and Almond Hybrid”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium and chlorine uptake peaked in the fourth week.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677t0
- Outcome
- uptake of Na and Cl ionse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 4th weeke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest uptake of Na and Cl ions in plant tissue was observed in 4th week”
t0“GF677 (Peach and Almond Hybrid) Rootstock”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising salinity from 80 to 120 mM decreased leaf chlorophyll index.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677e0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- increasing salinity levels (80 to 120 mM)e0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD unit)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with increasing salinity levels (80 to 120 mM), leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD unit) decreased in GF677 rootstock”
t0“Peach and Almond Hybrid”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf chlorophyll index was lowest at 120 mM and highest in control.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677t0
- Treatment
- 120 mM treatmente0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll indexe0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest chlorophyll index was observed in 120 mM treatment, while the highest leaf chlorophyll index was obtained in the control treatment”
t0“GF677 (Peach and Almond Hybrid) Rootstock”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors concluded GF677 tolerates salinity to 120 mM.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677e0
- Outcome
- tolerant to salinitye0
- Value
- 120 mMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GF677 is a concentration tolerant to salinity up to 120 mM”
t0“Peach and Almond Hybrid”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochemical and enzymatic responses were greatest at 80 mM, where growth continued.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677t0
- Treatment
- 80 mMe0
- Outcome
- biochemical responses and enzymatic activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest amount of biochemical responses and enzymatic activity was observed at 80 mM, where the continued growth of the plant was in terms of salinity”
t0“GF677 (Peach and Almond Hybrid) Rootstock”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attributed sustained growth under salinity to antioxidant defenses, osmotic adjustment and protein synthesis.
- Taxon
- Peach and AlmondPrunus dulcisPrunus persicat0
- Material
- GF677t0
- Outcome
- sustain growthe0
- Qualifier
- antioxidant defense mechanisms such as antioxidant systems, osmotic adjustment by proline and soluble sugars and increasing protein synthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant defense mechanisms such as antioxidant systems, osmotic adjustment by proline and soluble sugars and increasing protein synthesis can sustain growth even under salinity conditions”
t0“GF677 (Peach and Almond Hybrid) Rootstock”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Prunus dulcis (almond)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
salinity · physiology: osmolytes · Prunus persica (peach)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
salinity · physiology: pigments · Prunus dulcis (almond)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
salinity · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Prunus persica (peach)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
salinity · physiology: ion balance · Prunus persica (peach)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
salinity · molecular: metabolites · Prunus dulcis (almond)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.