Abstract
In order to evaluate the tolerance of some almond genotypes to salinity, a factorial experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design (CRD), with two factors: genotypes in 11 levels (Tuono, Nonparaeil, Mamaie, Shokoufeh, Sahand, ‘Ferragnès,’ 1–16, 1–25, A200, 13–40 budded on GF677 rootstock, and GF677 (without budding)) and irrigation water salinity in five levels (0, 1.2, 2.4, 3.6, and 4.8 g/l of natural salt (equal electrical conductivity 0.5, 2.5, 4.9, 7.3, and 9.8 dS/m, respectively) and with 4 replication for each treatment in research greenhouse of Seed and Plant Institute in years 2013 and 2014. The results showed that with increasing salinity concentration, growth indicators include the branch height, branch diameter, number of total leaves, percentage of green leaves, leaf density on the main branch, leaf area and leaf area ratio, relative humidity content, chlorophyll index, chlorophylls a, b, total, scion fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight have been reduced in the all genotypes studied, but percentage of necrotic leaves, percentage of downfall leaves, root fresh and dry weight ratio to scion fresh and dry weight, relative ionic percentage, and cell membrane injury percentage of leaves were increased. The results of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that salinity stress affected on the young trees by increasing the amount of minimum fluorescence (FO) and decreasing the maximum fluorescence (Fm) and reduced variable fluorescence (Fv) in the plants and reduced variable fluorescence ratio to maximum fluorescence of 0.83 in the control plants to 0.72 in Sahand cultivar and GF677 rootstock. The result showed that type of scion was affected in obstruction of Na+ absorption by the roots and their transported to leaves, as well as was affected in increasing uptake of K+ by the roots and their transported to leaves. In this research, GF677 is well tolerated to water salinity to 4.9 dS/m but with higher range of salinity showed stress effects. The result showed that type of genotypes budded on GF677 rootstock was very effective in tolerant to salinity. Overall, ‘Ferragnès’ was recognized as the most tolerant cultivar to salinity stress. This cultivar could tolerate salinity 3.6 g/l (Ec: 7.3 dS/m). Also, Sahand was recognized as the most sensitive cultivar to salinity stress.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity reduced branch height, diameter, and leaf number.
- Taxon
- almond
Prunus dulcist0 - Treatment
- increasing salinity concentratione0
- Outcome
- branch height, branch diameter, number of total leavese0
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with increasing salinity concentration, growth indicators include the branch height, branch diameter, number of total leaves”
t0“Almond”
e1“have been reduced in the all genotypes studied”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity reduced green leaf percentage, leaf density, and leaf area.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0
- Treatment
- salinitye1
- Outcome
- percentage of green leaves, leaf density on the main branch, leaf areae0
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percentage of green leaves, leaf density on the main branch, leaf area”
t0“Almond”
e1“with increasing salinity concentration, growth indicators include the branch height, branch diameter, number of total leaves, percentage of green leaves, leaf density on the main branch, leaf area and leaf area ratio, relative humidity content, chlorophyll index, chlorophylls a, b, total, scion fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight have been reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity reduced chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0
- Treatment
- salinitye2
- Outcome
- chlorophylls a, b, totale0
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorophylls a, b, total”
t0“Almond”
e1“have been reduced in the all genotypes studied”
e2“with increasing salinity concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity reduced scion and root fresh and dry weights.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0
- Treatment
- salinitye1
- Outcome
- scion fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“scion fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight have been reduced”
t0“Almond”
e1“with increasing salinity concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased necrotic and fallen leaf percentages.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0
- Treatment
- salinitye2
- Outcome
- percentage of necrotic leaves, percentage of downfall leavese0
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percentage of necrotic leaves, percentage of downfall leaves”
t0“Almond”
e1“were increased”
e2“with increasing salinity concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased root-to-scion weight ratio, ionic percentage, and membrane injury.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0
- Treatment
- salinitye1
- Outcome
- root fresh and dry weight ratio to scion fresh and dry weight, relative ionic percentage, and cell membrane injury percentage of leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root fresh and dry weight ratio to scion fresh and dry weight, relative ionic percentage, and cell membrane injury percentage of leaves were increased”
t0“Almond”
e1“salinity concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity raised minimum fluorescence.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- minimum fluorescence (FO)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing the amount of minimum fluorescence (FO)”
t0“Almond”
e1“salinity stress affected on the young trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity lowered maximum and variable fluorescence.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- maximum fluorescence (Fm) and reduced variable fluorescence (Fv)e0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreasing the maximum fluorescence (Fm) and reduced variable fluorescence (Fv)”
t0“Almond”
e1“salinity stress affected on the young trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluorescence ratio fell from 0.83 in controls to 0.72 in Sahand and GF677.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- variable fluorescence ratio to maximum fluorescencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 0.72e0
- Qualifier
- 0.83e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced variable fluorescence ratio to maximum fluorescence of 0.83 in the control plants to 0.72 in Sahand cultivar and GF677 rootstock”
t0“Almond”
e1“salinity stress affected on the young trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Scion type affected Na+ absorption and transport.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0
- Material
- scione0
- Outcome
- Na+ absorption by the roots and their transported to leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“type of scion was affected in obstruction of Na+ absorption by the roots and their transported to leaves”
t0“Almond”
Claim · model-written summary
Scion type affected K+ uptake and transport.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0
- Material
- scione0
- Outcome
- uptake of K+ by the roots and their transported to leavese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The result showed that type of scion was affected in obstruction of Na+ absorption by the roots and their transported to leaves, as well as was affected in increasing uptake of K+ by the roots and their transported to leaves.”
t0“Almond”
Claim · model-written summary
GF677 tolerated water salinity to 4.9 dS/m.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0
- Material
- GF677e0
- Outcome
- well tolerated to water salinitye0
- Value
- 4.9 dS/me0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GF677 is well tolerated to water salinity to 4.9 dS/m”
t0“Almond”
Claim · model-written summary
GF677 showed stress effects above that salinity range.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0
- Material
- GF677e1
- Outcome
- stress effectse0
- Qualifier
- higher range of salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with higher range of salinity showed stress effects”
t0“Almond”
e1“GF677 is well tolerated”
Claim · model-written summary
Budded genotype affected salinity tolerance.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0
- Material
- GF677 rootstocke0
- Outcome
- tolerant to salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“type of genotypes budded on GF677 rootstock was very effective in tolerant to salinity”
t0“Almond”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferragnès was the most salinity-tolerant cultivar.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0
- Material
- ‘Ferragnès’e0
- Outcome
- most tolerant cultivar to salinity stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Ferragnès’ was recognized as the most tolerant cultivar to salinity stress”
t0“Almond”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferragnès tolerated 3.6 g/l salinity.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0
- Material
- ‘Ferragnès’e1
- Outcome
- tolerate salinitye0
- Value
- 3.6 g/le0
- Qualifier
- Ec: 7.3 dS/me0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This cultivar could tolerate salinity 3.6 g/l (Ec: 7.3 dS/m)”
t0“Almond”
e1“‘Ferragnès’ was recognized”
Claim · model-written summary
Sahand was the most salinity-sensitive cultivar.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0
- Material
- Sahande0
- Outcome
- most sensitive cultivar to salinity stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sahand was recognized as the most sensitive cultivar to salinity stress”
t0“Almond”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · growth · Prunus dulcis (almond)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
salinity · physiology: oxidative · Prunus dulcis (almond)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
salinity · molecular: metabolites · Prunus dulcis (almond)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.