Abstract
Abstract The effects of soil mixing (disturbance) and sterilization on nutrient solubility and uptake, and on growth of potted black walnut seedlings in forest and field soils were studied under glasshouse conditions. Seedlings were grown for 16 weeks in soils that were either disturbed or undisturbed only, and in combination with two methods of sterilization. Both pre‐ and post‐harvest soil data showed that the forest soil had higher concentrations of all elements tested (except Mg) than the field soil. With the exception of Ca in the field soil, both disturbed forest and field soils had higher concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn than undisturbed soils. The effects of sterilization on extractable nutrients were variable, with higher amounts resulting from the autoclave treatment. Foliar concentrations of N, P, and Ca in seedlings grown in disturbed forest and field soils were higher than for other treatments. Nutrient concentrations were usually higher in seedlings grown in autoclaved than in fumigated soil. Soil disturbance increased seedling height growth in field but not in forest soil. Apparently the reduction of field soil bulk density is important in increasing the growth of black walnut. Much interest exists in growing black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) on abandoned farm land. However, walnut usually grows slower on abandoned fields than on cleared forest or old fields invaded by brushy vegetation18, 4. This is because on many old fields cultivation has compacted the soil, increasing the bulk, density12 and lowered fertility, tloreover, old fields harbor many plant pathogens and potential symbionts not found in forest soils2. Both conditions can be alleviated, however. By tilling compacted field soil water infiltration can be increased and plant rooting patterns changed6 16. And soil‐borne organisms can be controlled by sterilizing with steam or fumigants. However, sterilization not only kills pathogens and insect pests, but may also affect development of mycorrhizae and chemical properties of soils1 10, 15. Soil tillage and sterilization are commonly used in agriculture and horticulture and may help in establishing tree plantations. So, we undertook to evaluate the effects of soil mixing (disturbance) and sterilization (fumigation and autoclaving) on nutrient status of forest and field soils and on growth and nutrient uptake by black walnut seedlings potted in these soils.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Forest soil had higher concentrations of tested elements other than Mg than field soil.
- Taxon
- black walnut
Juglans nigrat0 - Outcome
- concentrations of all elements testede0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- except Mge0
- Comparator
- field soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the forest soil had higher concentrations of all elements tested (except Mg) than the field soil.”
t0“black walnut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Disturbance raised P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn in both soils, except Ca in field soil.
- Taxon
- black walnutJuglans nigrat0
- Treatment
- disturbed forest and field soilse0
- Outcome
- concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and Mne0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- exception of Ca in the field soile0
- Comparator
- undisturbed soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the exception of Ca in the field soil, both disturbed forest and field soils had higher concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn than undisturbed soils.”
t0“black walnut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Autoclaving yielded higher extractable nutrient amounts among variable sterilization effects.
- Taxon
- black walnutJuglans nigrat0
- Treatment
- autoclave treatmente0
- Outcome
- extractable nutrientse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of sterilization on extractable nutrients were variable, with higher amounts resulting from the autoclave treatment.”
t0“black walnut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Disturbed soil raised foliar N, P and Ca compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- black walnutJuglans nigrat0
- Treatment
- disturbed forest and field soilse0
- Outcome
- Foliar concentrations of N, P, and Cae0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar concentrations of N, P, and Ca in seedlings grown in disturbed forest and field soils were higher than for other treatments.”
t0“black walnut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling nutrient concentrations were usually higher after autoclaving than fumigation.
- Taxon
- black walnutJuglans nigrat0
- Treatment
- autoclavede0
- Outcome
- Nutrient concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- usuallye0
- Comparator
- fumigated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nutrient concentrations were usually higher in seedlings grown in autoclaved than in fumigated soil.”
t0“black walnut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil disturbance increased seedling height growth in field soil.
- Taxon
- black walnutJuglans nigrat0
- Treatment
- Soil disturbancee0
- Outcome
- seedling height growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil disturbance increased seedling height growth in field but not in forest soil.”
t0“black walnut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil disturbance did not increase seedling height growth in forest soil.
- Taxon
- black walnutJuglans nigrat0
- Treatment
- Soil disturbancee0
- Outcome
- seedling height growthe0
- Direction
- note0
- Setting
- forest soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil disturbance increased seedling height growth in field but not in forest soil.”
t0“black walnut seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer reduced field soil bulk density helps black walnut growth.
- Taxon
- black walnutJuglans nigrae0
- Outcome
- growth of black walnute0
- Qualifier
- reduction of field soil bulk densitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apparently the reduction of field soil bulk density is important in increasing the growth of black walnut.”