Abstract
ABSTRACT Samples of current‐year and 1‐year‐old foliage were taken from Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees in April 1991, 4 months after a 3–4 year controlled fumigation with O 3 and SO 2 in the open at Liphook, south‐east England. Trees were grown in seven plots, and treated in a factorial design with three levels of SO 2 and two levels of O 3 (ambient and c . 1.3 × ambient), with an extra ambient air plot. All statistical analyses were made on plot means. Leaf wettability, as measured by the contact angle of water droplets, was significantly affected by needle age and by SO 2 treatment ( P ≤0–05. in older needles, decreasing with increasing SO 2 concentration. There was no effect of O 3 on wettability, and no effect of any treatment on amounts of surface wax extracted by immersion of needles in chloroform. Electrolyte leakage rates from detached current‐year needles were not affected by prior exposure to O 3 , but decreased significantly ( P = 0.034) with increasing exposure to SO 2 . There was no detectable effect of fumigation on the rate of water loss from detached needles. Similarly, there was no effect of fumigation on the dry weight/fresh weight ratio of needles. The total sulphur content of needles increased significantly ( P ≤0.0001) with exposure to SO 2 and with needle age. Amounts of water‐extractable sulphate, however, varied greatly among plots, but with no pattern with respect to fumigation treatment. It is concluded that leaf wettability and electrolyte leakage rates may be good indicators of the persistent effects of SO 2 on Norway spruce growing in the open air, and that the observed changes in leaf surface properties in response to SO 2 fumigation have implications for the processes, both biotic and abiotic, that occur on leaf surfaces.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf wettability of older needles decreased with increasing SO2 concentration in Norway spruce.
- Taxon
- Norway spruce
Picea abiest0 - Organ / stage
- older needlese2
- Treatment
- increasing SO 2 concentratione2
- Outcome
- Leaf wettabilitye1
- Direction
- decreasinge2
- Qualifier
- significantly affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Norway spruce needles exposed to sulphur dioxide and ozone”
e1“Leaf wettability, as measured by the contact angle of water droplets, was significantly affected by needle age and by SO 2 treatment”
e2“in older needles, decreasing with increasing SO 2 concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone exposure had no effect on leaf wettability of Norway spruce needles.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiest0
- Treatment
- O 3e3
- Outcome
- wettabilitye4
- Direction
- no effecte4
- Comparator
- ambiente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Norway spruce needles exposed to sulphur dioxide and ozone”
e3“two levels of O 3 (ambient and c . 1.3 × ambient), with an extra ambient air plot”
e4“There was no effect of O 3 on wettability”
Claim · model-written summary
Fumigation had no effect on the amount of surface wax extracted from Norway spruce needles.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiest0
- Treatment
- any treatmente5
- Outcome
- amounts of surface waxe5
- Direction
- no effecte5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Norway spruce needles exposed to sulphur dioxide and ozone”
e5“no effect of any treatment on amounts of surface wax extracted by immersion of needles in chloroform”
Claim · model-written summary
Electrolyte leakage rates of detached current-year needles decreased significantly with increasing SO2 exposure.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiest0
- Treatment
- increasing exposure to SO 2e6
- Outcome
- Electrolyte leakage ratese6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Norway spruce needles exposed to sulphur dioxide and ozone”
e6“Electrolyte leakage rates from detached current‐year needles were not affected by prior exposure to O 3 , but decreased significantly ( P = 0.034) with increasing exposure to SO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone exposure did not affect electrolyte leakage rates of detached needles.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiest0
- Treatment
- prior exposure to O 3e6
- Outcome
- Electrolyte leakage ratese6
- Direction
- not affectede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Norway spruce needles exposed to sulphur dioxide and ozone”
e6“Electrolyte leakage rates from detached current‐year needles were not affected by prior exposure to O 3 , but decreased significantly ( P = 0.034) with increasing exposure to SO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Fumigation had no detectable effect on the rate of water loss from detached needles.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiest0
- Treatment
- fumigatione7
- Outcome
- rate of water losse7
- Direction
- no detectable effecte7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Norway spruce needles exposed to sulphur dioxide and ozone”
e7“There was no detectable effect of fumigation on the rate of water loss from detached needles”
Claim · model-written summary
Fumigation had no effect on the dry weight/fresh weight ratio of Norway spruce needles.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiest0
- Treatment
- fumigatione0
- Outcome
- dry weight/fresh weight ratioe0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Norway spruce needles exposed to sulphur dioxide and ozone”
e0“Similarly, there was no effect of fumigation on the dry weight/fresh weight ratio of needles”
Claim · model-written summary
Total sulphur content of needles increased significantly with SO2 exposure.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiest0
- Treatment
- exposure to SO 2e2
- Outcome
- total sulphur contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Norway spruce needles exposed to sulphur dioxide and ozone”
e1“The total sulphur content of needles increased significantly”
e2“with exposure to SO 2 and with needle age”
Claim · model-written summary
Total sulphur content of needles increased with needle age.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiest0
- Treatment
- needle agee2
- Outcome
- total sulphur contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Norway spruce needles exposed to sulphur dioxide and ozone”
e1“The total sulphur content of needles increased significantly”
e2“with exposure to SO 2 and with needle age”
Claim · model-written summary
Extractable sulphate varied greatly among plots without a pattern related to fumigation treatment.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiest0
- Outcome
- extractable sulphatee3
- Qualifier
- no pattern with respect to fumigation treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Norway spruce needles exposed to sulphur dioxide and ozone”
e3“Amounts of water‐extractable sulphate, however, varied greatly among plots, but with no pattern with respect to fumigation treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf wettability and electrolyte leakage rates may be good indicators of the persistent effects of SO2 on Norway spruce.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiest0
- Outcome
- good indicators of the persistent effects of SO 2e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Norway spruce needles exposed to sulphur dioxide and ozone”
e4“leaf wettability and electrolyte leakage rates may be good indicators of the persistent effects of SO 2 on Norway spruce growing in the open air”
The same questions in other papers
solarization · growth · Picea abies (Norway spruce)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
ozone · physiology: oxidative · Picea abies (Norway spruce)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.