Abstract
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), in its reproductive stage, is sensitive to heat stress (32/20°C or higher as day/night temperatures) with consequent substantial loss of potential yields at high temperatures. The physiological mechanisms associated with reproductive failures have not been established: they constitute the basis of this study. Here, we initially screened a large core-collection of chickpea against heat stress and identified two heat-tolerant (ICC15614, ICCV. 92944) and two heat-sensitive (ICC10685, ICC5912) genotypes. These four genotypes were sown during the normal time of sowing (November-March) and also late (February-April) to expose them to heat stress during reproductive stage (>32/20°C). The genotypes were assessed for damage by heat stress to the leaves and reproductive organs using various indicators of stress injury and reproductive function. In the heat-stressed plants, phenology accelerated as days to flowering and podding, and biomass decreased significantly. The significant reduction in pod set (%) was associated with reduced pollen viability, pollen load, pollen germination (in vivo and in vitro) and stigma receptivity in all four genotypes. Heat stress inhibited pollen function more in the sensitive genotypes than in the tolerant ones, and consequently showed significantly less pod set. Heat stress significantly reduced stomatal conductance, leaf water content, chlorophyll, membrane integrity and photochemical efficiency with a larger effect on heat-sensitive genotypes. Rubisco (carbon-fixing enzyme) along with sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS) (sucrose-synthesising enzymes) decreased significantly in leaves due to heat stress leading to reduced sucrose content. Invertase, a sucrose-cleaving enzyme, was also inhibited along with SPS and SS. The inhibition of these enzymes was significantly greater in the heat-sensitive genotypes. Concurrently, the anthers of these genotypes had significantly less SPS and SS activity and thus, sucrose content. As a result, pollen had considerably lower sucrose levels, resulting in reduced pollen function, impaired fertilisation and poor pod set in heat-sensitive genotypes.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Screening identified two heat-tolerant genotypes.
- Taxon
- Chickpea
Cicer arietinumt1 - Material
- ICC15614, ICCV. 92944e0
- Outcome
- heat-tolerante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“identified two heat-tolerant (ICC15614, ICCV. 92944) and two heat-sensitive (ICC10685, ICC5912) genotypes”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Screening identified two heat-sensitive genotypes.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Material
- ICC10685, ICC5912e0
- Outcome
- heat-sensitivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two heat-sensitive (ICC10685, ICC5912) genotypes”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat accelerated flowering and podding.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Treatment
- heat-stressede0
- Outcome
- days to flowering and poddinge0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the heat-stressed plants, phenology accelerated as days to flowering and podding”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat significantly reduced biomass.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Treatment
- heat stresse1
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biomass decreased significantly”
t0“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
e1“Heat stress inhibited pollen function more in the sensitive genotypes than in the tolerant ones”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat significantly reduced pod set.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Treatment
- heat stresse1
- Outcome
- pod set (%)e0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The significant reduction in pod set (%)”
t0“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
e1“Heat stress inhibited pollen function more in the sensitive genotypes than in the tolerant ones”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced pod set was associated with impaired pollen viability, load and germination.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Organ / stage
- pollene0
- Outcome
- reduced pollen viability, pollen load, pollen germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was associated with reduced pollen viability, pollen load, pollen germination (in vivo and in vitro) and stigma receptivity in all four genotypes”
t0“chickpea”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced pod set was associated with lower stigma receptivity.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Organ / stage
- stigmae0
- Outcome
- stigma receptivitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and stigma receptivity in all four genotypes”
t0“chickpea”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat impaired pollen function more in sensitive than tolerant genotypes.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Treatment
- Heat stresse0
- Outcome
- pollen functione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- tolerant onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat stress inhibited pollen function more in the sensitive genotypes than in the tolerant ones”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Sensitive genotypes had significantly less pod set.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Outcome
- pod sete0
- Direction
- lesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consequently showed significantly less pod set”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat significantly reduced stomatal conductance and leaf water content.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Treatment
- Heat stresse0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance, leaf water contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat stress significantly reduced stomatal conductance, leaf water content, chlorophyll, membrane integrity and photochemical efficiency”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat significantly reduced chlorophyll, membrane integrity and photochemical efficiency.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Treatment
- Heat stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll, membrane integrity and photochemical efficiencye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat stress significantly reduced stomatal conductance, leaf water content, chlorophyll, membrane integrity and photochemical efficiency”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Physiological damage was larger in sensitive genotypes.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Material
- heat-sensitive genotypese0
- Outcome
- larger effecte0
- Direction
- largere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with a larger effect on heat-sensitive genotypes”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat significantly reduced leaf Rubisco, SPS and SS.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- Rubisco (carbon-fixing enzyme) along with sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rubisco (carbon-fixing enzyme) along with sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS) (sucrose-synthesising enzymes) decreased significantly in leaves due to heat stress”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf sucrose content fell with reduced enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Outcome
- sucrose contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- leading toe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leading to reduced sucrose content”
t0“chickpea”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat also inhibited invertase.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Treatment
- Heat stresse1
- Outcome
- Invertasee0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Invertase, a sucrose-cleaving enzyme, was also inhibited along with SPS and SS”
t0“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
e1“Heat stress inhibited pollen function more in the sensitive genotypes than in the tolerant ones”
Claim · model-written summary
Enzyme inhibition was significantly greater in sensitive genotypes.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Material
- heat-sensitive genotypese0
- Outcome
- inhibition of these enzymese0
- Direction
- greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inhibition of these enzymes was significantly greater in the heat-sensitive genotypes”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Sensitive anthers had significantly less SPS and SS activity.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Organ / stage
- antherse0
- Outcome
- SPS and SS activitye0
- Direction
- lesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the anthers of these genotypes had significantly less SPS and SS activity”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Sensitive anthers had significantly less sucrose.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Organ / stage
- antherst0
- Outcome
- sucrose contente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thus, sucrose content”
t0“leaves and anthers”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Pollen had considerably lower sucrose levels.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Organ / stage
- pollene0
- Outcome
- sucrose levelse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pollen had considerably lower sucrose levels”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Low pollen sucrose impaired pollen function, fertilisation and pod set in sensitive genotypes.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt1
- Material
- heat-sensitive genotypese0
- Outcome
- reduced pollen function, impaired fertilisation and poor pod sete0
- Qualifier
- resulting ine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in reduced pollen function, impaired fertilisation and poor pod set in heat-sensitive genotypes”
t1“Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.