Abstract
Summary A number of studies on sodium hydroxide treatment of rice hulls and straw are reported. Alkali levels ranged from 0 to 100 g NaOH/100 g for hulls and from 0 to 50 g NaOH/100 g for straw. Effects of prior grinding, prior irradiation with gamma rays (0–50 Mrads), alkali reaction time (0–24 h), neutralization of excess residual alkali with acids, and rinsing effects were studied in terms of increased salt (ash) content, test material solubility in water and in vitro and in vivo (terylene bag) fermentation. Moderate increases in solubility and digestibility of straw followed irradiation but not for hulls. Major increases were found for irradiated straw further treated with alkali but hulls were little affected by 5 g NaOH/100 g D.M. except at the 50 Mrad level. Nutrient fortification of inocula media did not help dissimilation. Grinding had little effect on degradation of alkali-treated hulls. Straw responses were greater than for hulls. Alkali treatment removed encrusting silica and lignin from rice hulls and increased in vitro and in vivo digestibility. Above levels of 12·5 g NaOH/100 g dry matter in vitro digestibility was depressed unless residual alkali was neutralized. Alkali-treated hulls were reduced in silica content better by rinsing or by no neutralization and no rinsing: neutralization or neutralization followed by rinsing were less effective. Lignin was best removed by alkali or alkali and acid without rinsing. Alkali reaction time on hulls was not critical, but alkali concentration was. Animal trials indicated useful intake and digestive responses to alkali-treated rice hulls. Raw rice hulls were rejected by sheep. When fed in a mixed diet with lucerne chaff (40% whole rice hull, 60% lucerne chaff) daily voluntary intake of rice hull dry matter was 345 g (nil NaOH); 361 g (10 g NaOH/ 100 g rice hull); 193 g (20 g NaOH/100 g rice hull) with apparent dry-matter digestibility values for the hulls of 20%, 41% and 51% respectively.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Alkali treatment of rice hulls increased in vitro and in vivo digestibility.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Alkali treatmente1
- Outcome
- in vitro and in vivo digestibilitye1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“alkali treatment of rice straw and rice hulls”
e1“Alkali treatment removed encrusting silica and lignin from rice hulls and increased in vitro and in vivo digestibility”
Claim · model-written summary
Irradiation moderately increased solubility and digestibility of rice straw but not of rice hulls.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- irradiatione2
- Outcome
- solubility and digestibilitye2
- Direction
- Moderate increasese2
- Qualifier
- but not for hullse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“alkali treatment of rice straw and rice hulls”
e2“Moderate increases in solubility and digestibility of straw followed irradiation but not for hulls”
Claim · model-written summary
Irradiated rice straw further treated with alkali showed major increases in solubility and digestibility.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- irradiated straw further treated with alkalie3
- Outcome
- solubility and digestibilitye2
- Direction
- Major increasese3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“alkali treatment of rice straw and rice hulls”
e2“Moderate increases in solubility and digestibility of straw followed irradiation but not for hulls”
e3“Major increases were found for irradiated straw further treated with alkali”
Claim · model-written summary
Above alkali levels of 12·5 g NaOH/100 g dry matter, in vitro digestibility of rice was depressed unless residual alkali was neutralized.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- levels of 12·5 g NaOH/100 g dry mattere5
- Outcome
- in vitro digestibilitye5
- Direction
- depressede5
- Comparator
- residual alkali was neutralizede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“alkali treatment of rice straw and rice hulls”
e5“Above levels of 12·5 g NaOH/100 g dry matter in vitro digestibility was depressed unless residual alkali was neutralized”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily voluntary intake of rice hull dry matter was 361 g with 10 g NaOH/100 g hulls, compared with 345 g with nil NaOH.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 10 g NaOH/ 100 g rice hulle6
- Outcome
- daily voluntary intake of rice hull dry mattere6
- Direction
- increaseinferrede6
- Value
- 361 ge6
- Comparator
- nil NaOHe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“alkali treatment of rice straw and rice hulls”
e6“daily voluntary intake of rice hull dry matter was 345 g (nil NaOH); 361 g (10 g NaOH/ 100 g rice hull)”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily voluntary intake of rice hull dry matter was 193 g with 20 g NaOH/100 g hulls, compared with 345 g with nil NaOH.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 20 g NaOH/100 g rice hulle7
- Outcome
- daily voluntary intake of rice hull dry mattere6
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede7
- Value
- 193 ge7
- Comparator
- nil NaOHe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“alkali treatment of rice straw and rice hulls”
e6“daily voluntary intake of rice hull dry matter was 345 g (nil NaOH)”
e7“193 g (20 g NaOH/100 g rice hull)”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent dry-matter digestibility of rice hulls was 20%, 41% and 51% for nil, 10 g and 20 g NaOH per 100 g hulls, respectively.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- apparent dry-matter digestibility values for the hullse0
- Value
- 20%, 41% and 51%e0
- Qualifier
- respectivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“alkali treatment of rice straw and rice hulls”
e0“with apparent dry-matter digestibility values for the hulls of 20%, 41% and 51% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Raw rice hulls were rejected by sheep.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Raw rice hullse0
- Interactor
- sheep
Ovis ariese0herbivore - Outcome
- rejected by sheepe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“alkali treatment of rice straw and rice hulls”
e0“Raw rice hulls were rejected by sheep”
The same questions in other papers
sodium hydroxide · quality: grain · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
radiation · quality: grain · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.