Abstract
Coupling winter small grain cover crops (CC) with liquid manure injection may increase manure nutrient capture. The objectives of this research were to quantify manure injection effects using target swine ( Sus scrofa ) manure N rates of 112, 224, and 336 kg N ha −1 on CC plant density, fall and spring shoot biomass, N, P, and K uptake and subsequent corn ( Zea mays L.) yield. A winter rye ( Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.) CC was established before fall manure injection. Manure injection lowered mean CC plant density 25% because of CC mortality in the injection zone. Fall CC dry matter (DM) was 26% lower in the manure treatments than the no manure CC control, although no difference was detected for N (9.4 kg ha −1 ) or P (1.4 kg ha −1 ) uptake. No difference was detected for spring DM between CC no manure and manure treatments. Shoot DM, N, P, and K uptake increased 29, 41, 31, and 25% from the CC manure 112 to CC manure 224 with no increase above CC manure 224. Cover crop N uptake was higher in CC manure vs. no manure (60.1 vs. 35.6 kg ha −1 ). Cover crop P and K uptake were also higher in CC manure vs. no manure (9.2 vs. 6.6 kg P ha −1 and 41.3 vs. 30.0 kg K ha −1 ). Corn grain yield was unaffected by CC and responded positively to manure application (11,022 with manure vs. 9,845 kg ha −1 without manure). Coupling manure injection and cover crops can increase nutrient capture without lowering corn yield.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Manure injection lowered cover crop plant density by 25%.
- Taxon
- Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.
Secale cerealet0 - Treatment
- Manure injectione0
- Outcome
- CC plant densitye0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Manure injection lowered mean CC plant density 25% because of CC mortality in the injection zone.”
t0“A winter rye ( Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.) CC”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall cover crop dry matter was 26% lower under manure than without manure.
- Taxon
- Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.Secale cerealet0
- Treatment
- manure treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Fall CC dry matter (DM)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Comparator
- no manure CC controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fall CC dry matter (DM) was 26% lower in the manure treatments than the no manure CC control”
t0“A winter rye ( Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.) CC”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall cover crop nitrogen and phosphorus uptake did not differ under manure.
- Taxon
- Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.Secale cerealet0
- Outcome
- N (9.4 kg ha −1 ) or P (1.4 kg ha −1 ) uptakee0
- Direction
- no differencee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“although no difference was detected for N (9.4 kg ha −1 ) or P (1.4 kg ha −1 ) uptake.”
t0“A winter rye ( Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.) CC”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring cover crop dry matter did not differ between manure and no-manure treatments.
- Taxon
- Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.Secale cerealet0
- Treatment
- manure treatmentse0
- Outcome
- spring DMe0
- Direction
- No differencee0
- Comparator
- CC no manuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No difference was detected for spring DM between CC no manure and manure treatments.”
t0“A winter rye ( Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.) CC”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot DM increased 29 from manure 112 to manure 224, without further increase above 224.
- Taxon
- Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.Secale cerealet0
- Treatment
- CC manure 224e0
- Outcome
- Shoot DMe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 29e0
- Comparator
- CC manure 112e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot DM, N, P, and K uptake increased 29, 41, 31, and 25% from the CC manure 112 to CC manure 224 with no increase above CC manure 224.”
t0“A winter rye ( Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.) CC”
Claim · model-written summary
N increased 41 from manure 112 to manure 224, without further increase above 224.
- Taxon
- Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.Secale cerealet0
- Treatment
- CC manure 224e0
- Outcome
- Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 41e0
- Comparator
- CC manure 112e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot DM, N, P, and K uptake increased 29, 41, 31, and 25% from the CC manure 112 to CC manure 224 with no increase above CC manure 224.”
t0“A winter rye ( Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.) CC”
Claim · model-written summary
P increased 31 from manure 112 to manure 224, without further increase above 224.
- Taxon
- Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.Secale cerealet0
- Treatment
- CC manure 224e0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31e0
- Comparator
- CC manure 112e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot DM, N, P, and K uptake increased 29, 41, 31, and 25% from the CC manure 112 to CC manure 224 with no increase above CC manure 224.”
t0“A winter rye ( Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.) CC”
Claim · model-written summary
K uptake increased 25% from manure 112 to manure 224, without further increase above 224.
- Taxon
- Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.Secale cerealet0
- Treatment
- CC manure 224e0
- Outcome
- K uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Comparator
- CC manure 112e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot DM, N, P, and K uptake increased 29, 41, 31, and 25% from the CC manure 112 to CC manure 224 with no increase above CC manure 224.”
t0“A winter rye ( Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.) CC”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop N uptake was higher with manure than without manure.
- Taxon
- Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.Secale cerealet0
- Treatment
- CC manuree0
- Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- no manuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cover crop N uptake was higher in CC manure vs. no manure (60.1 vs. 35.6 kg ha −1 ).”
t0“A winter rye ( Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.) CC”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop P uptake was higher with manure than without manure.
- Taxon
- Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.Secale cerealet0
- Treatment
- CC manuree0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- no manuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cover crop P and K uptake were also higher in CC manure vs. no manure (9.2 vs. 6.6 kg P ha −1 and 41.3 vs. 30.0 kg K ha −1 ).”
t0“A winter rye ( Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.) CC”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop K uptake was higher with manure than without manure.
- Taxon
- Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.Secale cerealet0
- Treatment
- CC manuree0
- Outcome
- K uptakee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- no manuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cover crop P and K uptake were also higher in CC manure vs. no manure (9.2 vs. 6.6 kg P ha −1 and 41.3 vs. 30.0 kg K ha −1 ).”
t0“A winter rye ( Secale cereale L.)–oat ( Avena sativa L.) CC”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn grain yield was unaffected by cover crops.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn grain yield was unaffected by CC”
t0“corn ( Zea mays L.) yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn grain yield was higher with manure than without manure.
- Treatment
- manure applicatione0
- Outcome
- Corn grain yielde1
- Direction
- positivelye0
- Comparator
- without manuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“responded positively to manure application (11,022 with manure vs. 9,845 kg ha −1 without manure)”
e1“Corn grain yield was unaffected by CC”
t0“corn ( Zea mays L.) yield”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.