Abstract
Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that impacts plant growth and reduces the productivity of field crops. Compared to field plants, test tube plantlets offer a direct and fast approach to investigate the mechanism of salt tolerance. Here we examined the ultrastructural and physiological responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. c.v. "Longshu No. 3") plantlets to gradient saline stress (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl) with two consequent observations (2 and 6 weeks, respectively). The results showed that, with the increase of external NaCl concentration and the duration of treatments, (1) the number of chloroplasts and cell intercellular spaces markedly decreased, (2) cell walls were thickened and even ruptured, (3) mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were gradually damaged to a complete disorganization containing more starch, (4) leaf Na and Cl contents increased while leaf K content decreased, (5) leaf proline content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly, and (6) leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly and stomatal area and chlorophyll content decline were also detected. Severe salt stress (200 mM NaCl) inhibited plantlet growth. These results indicated that potato plantlets adapt to salt stress to some extent through accumulating osmoprotectants, such as proline, increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT and SOD. The outcomes of this study provide ultrastructural and physiological insights into characterizing potential damages induced by salt stress for selecting salt-tolerant potato cultivars.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Higher saline stress and longer treatment markedly decreased chloroplast number.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume7 - Material
- Longshu No. 3e7
- Treatment
- gradient saline stresse6
- Outcome
- number of chloroplastse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that, with the increase of external NaCl concentration and the duration of treatments, (1) the number of chloroplasts and cell intercellular spaces markedly decreased, (2) cell walls were thickened and even ruptured, (3) mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were gradually damaged to a complete disorganization containing more starch, (4) leaf Na and Cl contents increased while leaf K content decreased, (5) leaf proline content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly, and (6) leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly and stomatal area and chlorophyll content decline were also detected.”
e6“gradient saline stress”
e7“potato (Solanum tuberosum L. c.v. "Longshu No. 3")”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher saline stress and longer treatment markedly decreased cell intercellular spaces.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume7
- Material
- Longshu No. 3e7
- Treatment
- gradient saline stresse6
- Outcome
- cell intercellular spacese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that, with the increase of external NaCl concentration and the duration of treatments, (1) the number of chloroplasts and cell intercellular spaces markedly decreased, (2) cell walls were thickened and even ruptured, (3) mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were gradually damaged to a complete disorganization containing more starch, (4) leaf Na and Cl contents increased while leaf K content decreased, (5) leaf proline content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly, and (6) leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly and stomatal area and chlorophyll content decline were also detected.”
e6“gradient saline stress”
e7“potato (Solanum tuberosum L. c.v. "Longshu No. 3")”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher saline stress and longer treatment thickened and sometimes ruptured cell walls.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume7
- Material
- Longshu No. 3e7
- Treatment
- gradient saline stresse6
- Outcome
- cell wallse0
- Direction
- thickenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that, with the increase of external NaCl concentration and the duration of treatments, (1) the number of chloroplasts and cell intercellular spaces markedly decreased, (2) cell walls were thickened and even ruptured, (3) mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were gradually damaged to a complete disorganization containing more starch, (4) leaf Na and Cl contents increased while leaf K content decreased, (5) leaf proline content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly, and (6) leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly and stomatal area and chlorophyll content decline were also detected.”
e6“gradient saline stress”
e7“potato (Solanum tuberosum L. c.v. "Longshu No. 3")”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher saline stress and longer treatment damaged mesophyll cells and chloroplasts to complete disorganization.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume7
- Material
- Longshu No. 3e7
- Treatment
- gradient saline stresse6
- Outcome
- mesophyll cells and chloroplastse0
- Direction
- damagede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that, with the increase of external NaCl concentration and the duration of treatments, (1) the number of chloroplasts and cell intercellular spaces markedly decreased, (2) cell walls were thickened and even ruptured, (3) mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were gradually damaged to a complete disorganization containing more starch, (4) leaf Na and Cl contents increased while leaf K content decreased, (5) leaf proline content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly, and (6) leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly and stomatal area and chlorophyll content decline were also detected.”
e6“gradient saline stress”
e7“potato (Solanum tuberosum L. c.v. "Longshu No. 3")”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher saline stress and longer treatment increased starch in damaged cells and chloroplasts.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume7
- Material
- Longshu No. 3e7
- Treatment
- gradient saline stresse6
- Outcome
- starche0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that, with the increase of external NaCl concentration and the duration of treatments, (1) the number of chloroplasts and cell intercellular spaces markedly decreased, (2) cell walls were thickened and even ruptured, (3) mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were gradually damaged to a complete disorganization containing more starch, (4) leaf Na and Cl contents increased while leaf K content decreased, (5) leaf proline content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly, and (6) leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly and stomatal area and chlorophyll content decline were also detected.”
e6“gradient saline stress”
e7“potato (Solanum tuberosum L. c.v. "Longshu No. 3")”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher saline stress and longer treatment increased leaf Na content.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume7
- Material
- Longshu No. 3e7
- Treatment
- gradient saline stresse6
- Outcome
- leaf Nae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that, with the increase of external NaCl concentration and the duration of treatments, (1) the number of chloroplasts and cell intercellular spaces markedly decreased, (2) cell walls were thickened and even ruptured, (3) mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were gradually damaged to a complete disorganization containing more starch, (4) leaf Na and Cl contents increased while leaf K content decreased, (5) leaf proline content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly, and (6) leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly and stomatal area and chlorophyll content decline were also detected.”
e6“gradient saline stress”
e7“potato (Solanum tuberosum L. c.v. "Longshu No. 3")”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher saline stress and longer treatment increased leaf Cl content.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume7
- Material
- Longshu No. 3e7
- Treatment
- gradient saline stresse6
- Outcome
- Cl contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that, with the increase of external NaCl concentration and the duration of treatments, (1) the number of chloroplasts and cell intercellular spaces markedly decreased, (2) cell walls were thickened and even ruptured, (3) mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were gradually damaged to a complete disorganization containing more starch, (4) leaf Na and Cl contents increased while leaf K content decreased, (5) leaf proline content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly, and (6) leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly and stomatal area and chlorophyll content decline were also detected.”
e6“gradient saline stress”
e7“potato (Solanum tuberosum L. c.v. "Longshu No. 3")”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher saline stress and longer treatment decreased leaf K content.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume7
- Material
- Longshu No. 3e7
- Treatment
- gradient saline stresse6
- Outcome
- leaf K contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that, with the increase of external NaCl concentration and the duration of treatments, (1) the number of chloroplasts and cell intercellular spaces markedly decreased, (2) cell walls were thickened and even ruptured, (3) mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were gradually damaged to a complete disorganization containing more starch, (4) leaf Na and Cl contents increased while leaf K content decreased, (5) leaf proline content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly, and (6) leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly and stomatal area and chlorophyll content decline were also detected.”
e6“gradient saline stress”
e7“potato (Solanum tuberosum L. c.v. "Longshu No. 3")”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher saline stress and longer treatment significantly increased leaf proline content.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume7
- Material
- Longshu No. 3e7
- Treatment
- gradient saline stresse6
- Outcome
- leaf proline contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that, with the increase of external NaCl concentration and the duration of treatments, (1) the number of chloroplasts and cell intercellular spaces markedly decreased, (2) cell walls were thickened and even ruptured, (3) mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were gradually damaged to a complete disorganization containing more starch, (4) leaf Na and Cl contents increased while leaf K content decreased, (5) leaf proline content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly, and (6) leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly and stomatal area and chlorophyll content decline were also detected.”
e6“gradient saline stress”
e7“potato (Solanum tuberosum L. c.v. "Longshu No. 3")”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher saline stress and longer treatment significantly increased catalase activity.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume7
- Material
- Longshu No. 3e7
- Treatment
- gradient saline stresse6
- Gene
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Outcome
- activities of catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that, with the increase of external NaCl concentration and the duration of treatments, (1) the number of chloroplasts and cell intercellular spaces markedly decreased, (2) cell walls were thickened and even ruptured, (3) mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were gradually damaged to a complete disorganization containing more starch, (4) leaf Na and Cl contents increased while leaf K content decreased, (5) leaf proline content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly, and (6) leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly and stomatal area and chlorophyll content decline were also detected.”
e6“gradient saline stress”
e7“potato (Solanum tuberosum L. c.v. "Longshu No. 3")”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher saline stress and longer treatment significantly increased superoxide dismutase activity.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume7
- Material
- Longshu No. 3e7
- Treatment
- gradient saline stresse6
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that, with the increase of external NaCl concentration and the duration of treatments, (1) the number of chloroplasts and cell intercellular spaces markedly decreased, (2) cell walls were thickened and even ruptured, (3) mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were gradually damaged to a complete disorganization containing more starch, (4) leaf Na and Cl contents increased while leaf K content decreased, (5) leaf proline content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly, and (6) leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly and stomatal area and chlorophyll content decline were also detected.”
e6“gradient saline stress”
e7“potato (Solanum tuberosum L. c.v. "Longshu No. 3")”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher saline stress and longer treatment significantly increased leaf MDA content.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume7
- Material
- Longshu No. 3e7
- Treatment
- gradient saline stresse6
- Outcome
- leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that, with the increase of external NaCl concentration and the duration of treatments, (1) the number of chloroplasts and cell intercellular spaces markedly decreased, (2) cell walls were thickened and even ruptured, (3) mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were gradually damaged to a complete disorganization containing more starch, (4) leaf Na and Cl contents increased while leaf K content decreased, (5) leaf proline content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly, and (6) leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly and stomatal area and chlorophyll content decline were also detected.”
e6“gradient saline stress”
e7“potato (Solanum tuberosum L. c.v. "Longshu No. 3")”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher saline stress and longer treatment reduced stomatal area.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume7
- Material
- Longshu No. 3e7
- Treatment
- gradient saline stresse6
- Outcome
- stomatal areae0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that, with the increase of external NaCl concentration and the duration of treatments, (1) the number of chloroplasts and cell intercellular spaces markedly decreased, (2) cell walls were thickened and even ruptured, (3) mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were gradually damaged to a complete disorganization containing more starch, (4) leaf Na and Cl contents increased while leaf K content decreased, (5) leaf proline content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly, and (6) leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly and stomatal area and chlorophyll content decline were also detected.”
e6“gradient saline stress”
e7“potato (Solanum tuberosum L. c.v. "Longshu No. 3")”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher saline stress and longer treatment reduced chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume7
- Material
- Longshu No. 3e7
- Treatment
- gradient saline stresse6
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that, with the increase of external NaCl concentration and the duration of treatments, (1) the number of chloroplasts and cell intercellular spaces markedly decreased, (2) cell walls were thickened and even ruptured, (3) mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were gradually damaged to a complete disorganization containing more starch, (4) leaf Na and Cl contents increased while leaf K content decreased, (5) leaf proline content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly, and (6) leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly and stomatal area and chlorophyll content decline were also detected.”
e6“gradient saline stress”
e7“potato (Solanum tuberosum L. c.v. "Longshu No. 3")”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe 200 mM NaCl stress inhibited potato plantlet growth.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume7
- Material
- Longshu No. 3e7
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- plantlet growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severe salt stress (200 mM NaCl) inhibited plantlet growth.”
e6“gradient saline stress”
e7“potato (Solanum tuberosum L. c.v. "Longshu No. 3")”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that potato plantlets adapt partly by accumulating proline.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Compound
- prolinee0
- Outcome
- adapt to salt stress to some extente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potato plantlets adapt to salt stress to some extent through accumulating osmoprotectants, such as proline, increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT and SOD.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that increased CAT and SOD activity contributes to some salt adaptation.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Gene
- CAT and SODe0
- Outcome
- adapt to salt stress to some extente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potato plantlets adapt to salt stress to some extent through accumulating osmoprotectants, such as proline, increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT and SOD.”
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