Abstract
Summary The growth and yield of four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date were analysed in relation to leaf area expansion and senescence and their absorption and utilization of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Total dry matter (D.M.) production and seed yield were strongly correlated with total green area duration (GAD) and post-flowering GAD respectively. Total D.M. production was also strongly related to radiation absorbed by the green surfaces of the crop although autumn sowing and drought both decreased the constant of proportionality, i.e. the growth efficiency ( E g ). Autumn sowings yielded more than spring sowings because they grew for longer and received 22% more radiation. Their harvest index was also about 40% higher than in spring sowings. These more than compensated for their smaller E g . Drought decreased yield mainly by decreasing radiation received and E g . Growth duration was shorter and harvest index was smaller. The rate of phenological development was strongly dependent upon temperature and to a lesser extent on photoperiod. The average thermal duration from emergence to flowering was 790 °Cd above a base of 0 °C. The time from sowing to the end of the pod growth was well represented by a simple multiplicative model in which development rate was a linear function of temperature above a base of 0 °C and photoperiod above a base of 6 h. The average photothermal duration required for 10 crops was 980 °Cd. An attempt was also made to determine the crop physiological and environmental factors which govern the change in size of the yield components of field bean crops caused by irrigation and sowing date. The final number of pods per plant was closely correlated with the rate of supply of assimilates during pod filling. Irrigation increased assimilate flux by increasing leaf area, growth rate and total dry matter during pod growth. Both the rate and duration of pod growth were little affected by irrigation. Autumn sowings produced heavier pods and beans due to both a faster rate and a longer duration of growth which were associated with a greater production of assimilate during the seed growth period. Seed growth depends on both the current assimilate and stored reserves, the latter especially when plants were subjected to environmental stress.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Total dry matter production was strongly correlated with total green area duration.
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e1“Total dry matter (D.M.) production and seed yield were strongly correlated with total green area duration (GAD) and post-flowering GAD respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield was strongly correlated with post-flowering green area duration.
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e1“Total dry matter (D.M.) production and seed yield were strongly correlated with total green area duration (GAD) and post-flowering GAD respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Total dry matter production was strongly related to radiation absorbed by the green surfaces.
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e2“Total D.M. production was also strongly related to radiation absorbed by the green surfaces of the crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Autumn sowing decreased the growth efficiency (E g).
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e3“autumn sowing and drought both decreased the constant of proportionality, i.e. the growth efficiency ( E g )”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought decreased the growth efficiency (E g).
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e3“autumn sowing and drought both decreased the constant of proportionality, i.e. the growth efficiency ( E g )”
Claim · model-written summary
Autumn sowings yielded more than spring sowings.
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e5“Autumn sowings yielded more than spring sowings because they grew for longer and received 22% more radiation”
Claim · model-written summary
Autumn sowings received 22% more radiation than spring sowings.
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e5“Autumn sowings yielded more than spring sowings because they grew for longer and received 22% more radiation”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvest index was about 40% higher in autumn sowings than spring sowings.
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e5“Autumn sowings yielded more than spring sowings because they grew for longer and received 22% more radiation”
e6“Their harvest index was also about 40% higher than in spring sowings”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought decreased yield mainly by decreasing radiation received and growth efficiency.
- Taxon
- field beane0
- Treatment
- Droughte4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Qualifier
- mainly by decreasing radiation received and E ge4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e4“Drought decreased yield mainly by decreasing radiation received and E g. Growth duration was shorter and harvest index was smaller”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought growth duration was shorter and harvest index was smaller.
- Taxon
- field beane0
- Treatment
- Droughte4
- Outcome
- Growth duratione4
- Direction
- shortere4
- Qualifier
- harvest index was smallere4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e4“Drought decreased yield mainly by decreasing radiation received and E g. Growth duration was shorter and harvest index was smaller”
Claim · model-written summary
The rate of phenological development was strongly dependent on temperature and less on photoperiod.
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e7“The rate of phenological development was strongly dependent upon temperature and to a lesser extent on photoperiod”
Claim · model-written summary
Average thermal duration from emergence to flowering was 790 °Cd above a base of 0 °C.
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e1“The average thermal duration from emergence to flowering was 790 °Cd above a base of 0 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Time from sowing to the end of pod growth was well represented by a simple multiplicative model.
- Taxon
- field beane0
- Outcome
- time from sowing to the end of the pod growthe2
- Qualifier
- well represented by a simple multiplicative modele2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e2“The time from sowing to the end of the pod growth was well represented by a simple multiplicative model”
Claim · model-written summary
The average photothermal duration required for 10 crops was 980 °Cd.
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e3“The average photothermal duration required for 10 crops was 980 °Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
Final number of pods per plant was closely correlated with the rate of assimilate supply during pod filling.
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e4“The final number of pods per plant was closely correlated with the rate of supply of assimilates during pod filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased assimilate flux.
- Taxon
- field beane0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione5
- Outcome
- assimilate fluxe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- by increasing leaf area, growth rate and total dry matter during pod growthe5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e5“Irrigation increased assimilate flux by increasing leaf area, growth rate and total dry matter during pod growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Rate and duration of pod growth were little affected by irrigation.
- Taxon
- field beane0
- Treatment
- irrigatione6
- Outcome
- rate and duration of pod growthe6
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede6
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e6“Both the rate and duration of pod growth were little affected by irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Autumn sowings produced heavier pods and beans due to a faster rate and longer duration of growth.
- Taxon
- field beane0
- Treatment
- Autumn sowingse7
- Outcome
- pods and beanse7
- Direction
- heaviere7
- Qualifier
- due to both a faster rate and a longer duration of growthe7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e7“Autumn sowings produced heavier pods and beans due to both a faster rate and a longer duration of growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed growth depends on current assimilate and stored reserves, the latter especially under stress.
Verbatim
e0“four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date”
e1“Seed growth depends on both the current assimilate and stored reserves”
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