Abstract
Summary Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.) seedlings were exposed to realistically elevated O 3 levels in open‐air experiments over three growing seasons. The total O 3 exposure doses were 1.2 × (1991), 1.5 × (1992) and 1.7 × (1993) ambient levels. During the 1992 and 1993 growing seasons pine and spruce seedlings received two different levels of nitrogen supply. Effects on growth, mycorrhiza formation, needle ultrastructure, primary and secondary compounds were studied. Ozone exposure had only slight effects on biomass production, growth height and nutrient content of studied conifers. Higher nitrogen availability improved growth of the seedlings and resulted in higher concentration of nitrogen in needles. In Scots pine O 3 exposure did not have effects on quantity of total mycorrhizas and short roots, while higher nitrogen availability decreased quantity of mycorrhizas and short roots. In both tree species O 3 exposure induced O 3 ‐related ultrastructural symptoms, e.g. granulation and dark staining of the chloroplast stroma in the needle mesophyll cells, at both nitrogen availability levels. Ozone exposure and nitrogen availability did not have significant effects on starch concentrations in either tree species. Concentrations of some individual terpenes were higher in O 3 ‐exposed needles, while concentrations of individual and total resin acids, total phenolics and catechins were not affected by O 3 exposure. Nitrogen availability did not have substantial effects on concentrations of monoterpenes. By contrast, concentrations of some individual and total resin acids were lower in pine needles and higher in spruce needles with higher nitrogen availability, while phenolic concentration in spruce needles decreased at higher nitrogen availability. The results suggest that realistically elevated levels of O 3 in the field can have some negative effects on the mesophyll ultrastructure of conifer needles, but carbon allocation to root and shoot growth and secondary metabolites are not affected substantially.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated ozone had only slight effects on conifer biomass, height and nutrient content.
- Taxon
- Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)
Picea abies
Pinus sylvestrise1 - Treatment
- Ozone exposuree0
- Outcome
- biomass production, growth height and nutrient contente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ozone exposure had only slight effects on biomass production, growth height and nutrient content of studied conifers”
e1“Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen availability improved seedling growth.
- Taxon
- Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)Picea abiesPinus sylvestrise1
- Treatment
- Higher nitrogen availabilitye0
- Outcome
- growth of the seedlingse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher nitrogen availability improved growth of the seedlings”
e1“Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen availability increased needle nitrogen concentration.
- Taxon
- Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)Picea abiesPinus sylvestrise1
- Organ / stage
- needlese0
- Treatment
- Higher nitrogen availabilitye0
- Outcome
- concentration of nitrogen in needlese0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher nitrogen availability improved growth of the seedlings and resulted in higher concentration of nitrogen in needles”
e1“Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone did not affect total mycorrhizas or short roots in Scots pine.
- Taxon
- Scots pinePinus sylvestrise0
- Treatment
- O 3 exposuree0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizase0symbiont
- Outcome
- quantity of total mycorrhizas and short rootse0
- Direction
- did not have effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Scots pine O 3 exposure did not have effects on quantity of total mycorrhizas and short roots”
e1“Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen availability decreased mycorrhiza and short root quantity in Scots pine.
- Taxon
- Scots pinePinus sylvestrise1
- Treatment
- higher nitrogen availabilitye0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizase0symbiont
- Outcome
- quantity of mycorrhizas and short rootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher nitrogen availability decreased quantity of mycorrhizas and short roots”
e1“In Scots pine O 3 exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone induced chloroplast ultrastructural symptoms in both species at both nitrogen levels.
- Taxon
- Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)Picea abiesPinus sylvestrise1
- Organ / stage
- needle mesophyll cellse0
- Treatment
- O 3 exposuree0
- Outcome
- O 3 ‐related ultrastructural symptomse0
- Qualifier
- at both nitrogen availability levelse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both tree species O 3 exposure induced O 3 ‐related ultrastructural symptoms, e.g. granulation and dark staining of the chloroplast stroma in the needle mesophyll cells, at both nitrogen availability levels”
e1“Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone and nitrogen did not significantly affect starch concentrations in either species.
- Taxon
- Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)Picea abiesPinus sylvestrise1
- Treatment
- Ozone exposure and nitrogen availabilitye0
- Outcome
- starch concentrationse0
- Direction
- did not have significant effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ozone exposure and nitrogen availability did not have significant effects on starch concentrations in either tree species”
e1“Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Some individual terpene concentrations were higher in ozone exposed needles.
- Taxon
- Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)Picea abiesPinus sylvestrise1
- Organ / stage
- needlese0
- Treatment
- O 3 ‐exposede0
- Outcome
- Concentrations of some individual terpenese0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of some individual terpenes were higher in O 3 ‐exposed needles”
e1“Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone did not affect resin acids, phenolics or catechins.
- Taxon
- Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)Picea abiesPinus sylvestrise1
- Treatment
- O 3 exposuree0
- Outcome
- concentrations of individual and total resin acids, total phenolics and catechinse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concentrations of individual and total resin acids, total phenolics and catechins were not affected by O 3 exposure”
e1“Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen availability had no substantial effect on monoterpene concentrations.
- Taxon
- Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)Picea abiesPinus sylvestrise1
- Treatment
- Nitrogen availabilitye0
- Outcome
- concentrations of monoterpenese0
- Direction
- did not have substantial effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen availability did not have substantial effects on concentrations of monoterpenes”
e1“Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen lowered individual and total resin acid concentrations in pine needles.
- Taxon
- Scots pinePinus sylvestrise1
- Organ / stage
- pine needlese0
- Treatment
- higher nitrogen availabilitye0
- Outcome
- concentrations of some individual and total resin acidse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concentrations of some individual and total resin acids were lower in pine needles and higher in spruce needles with higher nitrogen availability”
e1“Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen raised individual and total resin acid concentrations in spruce needles.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Organ / stage
- spruce needlese0
- Treatment
- higher nitrogen availabilitye0
- Outcome
- concentrations of some individual and total resin acidse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concentrations of some individual and total resin acids were lower in pine needles and higher in spruce needles with higher nitrogen availability”
e1“Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic concentration in spruce needles decreased with higher nitrogen.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Organ / stage
- spruce needlese0
- Treatment
- higher nitrogen availabilitye0
- Outcome
- phenolic concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phenolic concentration in spruce needles decreased at higher nitrogen availability”
e1“Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.)”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · molecular: metabolites · Picea abies (Norway spruce)Positive and negative results
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.