Abstract
A field trial was conducted to determine the effects of repeated applications of residual herbicides on young apple trees on dwarfing rootstock planted in coarse soil and under full growing season irrigation. Bisbee Delicious/M.26 apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) planted in 1978 were subjected to various, but continuous soil management treatments from 1980 to 1985. These treatments included full ground cover, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] herbicide applied at 1.5 kg a.i. ha −1 yr −1 and recommended (X), twice recommended (2X) and four times recommended (4X) rates of terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil), diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea], simazine [2-chloro-4, 6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] and dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile). Herbicide application at X was 1.5 kg a.i. ha −1 yr −1 for terbacil, 2.5 kg a.i. ha −1 yr −1 for diuron and simazine and 4.0 kg a.i. ha −1 yr −1 for dichlobenil. Applications of terbacil, diuron and simazine above X resulted in linear decreases in tree vigor and yield. Cumulative initial yield, 1982–85, was reduced at 4X by 46.8% for simazine and 60.8% for terbacil compared to their respective yields at X, while 4X diuron began causing tree mortality after the second application. High rates of dichlobenil did not significantly affect tree vigor or yield. Although simazine applications directly increased leaf Mg and Zn concentrations in 2 of 3 yr, the results had no practical significance, due to the toxicity of simazine. Other herbicides did not consistently influence tree cation nutrition.Key words: Apple, yield, vigor, herbicide toxicity, leaf nutrition
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Above recommended terbacil rates linearly reduced apple vigor and yield.
- Taxon
- APPLE TREES
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- terbacile0
- Outcome
- tree vigor and yielde0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Comparator
- Xe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE TREES”
e0“Applications of terbacil, diuron and simazine above X resulted in linear decreases in tree vigor and yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Above recommended diuron rates linearly reduced apple vigor and yield.
- Taxon
- APPLE TREESMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- diurone0
- Outcome
- tree vigor and yielde0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Comparator
- Xe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE TREES”
e0“Applications of terbacil, diuron and simazine above X resulted in linear decreases in tree vigor and yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Above recommended simazine rates linearly reduced apple vigor and yield.
- Taxon
- APPLE TREESMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- simazinee0
- Outcome
- tree vigor and yielde0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Comparator
- Xe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE TREES”
e0“Applications of terbacil, diuron and simazine above X resulted in linear decreases in tree vigor and yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Four times the recommended simazine rate reduced cumulative initial yield by 46.8%.
- Taxon
- APPLE TREESMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 4Xe0
- Outcome
- Cumulative initial yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 46.8%e0
- Qualifier
- simazinee0
- Comparator
- Xe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE TREES”
e0“Cumulative initial yield, 1982–85, was reduced at 4X by 46.8% for simazine and 60.8% for terbacil compared to their respective yields at X”
Claim · model-written summary
Four times the recommended terbacil rate reduced cumulative initial yield by 60.8%.
- Taxon
- APPLE TREESMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 4Xe0
- Outcome
- Cumulative initial yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 60.8%e0
- Qualifier
- terbacile0
- Comparator
- Xe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE TREES”
e0“Cumulative initial yield, 1982–85, was reduced at 4X by 46.8% for simazine and 60.8% for terbacil compared to their respective yields at X”
Claim · model-written summary
Four times the recommended diuron rate caused tree mortality after the second application.
- Taxon
- APPLE TREESMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 4X diurone0
- Outcome
- tree mortalitye0
- Qualifier
- after the second applicatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE TREES”
e0“4X diuron began causing tree mortality after the second application.”
Claim · model-written summary
High dichlobenil rates did not significantly affect vigor or yield.
- Taxon
- APPLE TREESMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- High rates of dichlobenile0
- Outcome
- tree vigor or yielde0
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE TREES”
e0“High rates of dichlobenil did not significantly affect tree vigor or yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Simazine increased leaf magnesium and zinc in two of three years.
- Taxon
- APPLE TREESMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- simazine applicationse0
- Outcome
- leaf Mg and Zn concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in 2 of 3 yre0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE TREES”
e0“simazine applications directly increased leaf Mg and Zn concentrations in 2 of 3 yr”
Claim · model-written summary
Other herbicides did not consistently influence tree cation nutrition.
- Taxon
- APPLE TREESMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Other herbicidese0
- Outcome
- tree cation nutritione0
- Direction
- did not consistently influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE TREES”
e0“Other herbicides did not consistently influence tree cation nutrition.”
The same questions in other papers
simazine · yield · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
Terbacil · yield · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile · yield · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
diuron · yield · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
diuron · pest · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
herbicide · nutrient: content · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.