Abstract
Abstract Seedlings of two cultivars of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) differing in aluminum (Al) tolerance grown in a pH 4.0 Clark's nutrient solution were exposed to Al at concentrations of 0 and 185 μ M for 7 days. The organic acid concentrations in the roots and leaves and in the external solution were determined, as well as the activities of the enzymes related to the biosynthesis and degradation of these acids. Contents of the main organic acids found in the roots and leaves increased with plant exposure to Al and were always higher in the aluminum (Al)-tolerant cultivar. Malic and t-aconitic acids were the most abundant and showed the highest absolute changes in the presence of Al in both cultivars, especially the Al-tolerant cultivar. Aluminum also changed the activities of most of the enzymes related to organic metabolism studied here. The more important effects of Al on the enzymes of the malic-acid metabolism were found on the fumarase (EC 4.2.1.2) and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) in the roots, in addition to the fumarase in the leaves and on the enzymes of the trans-aconitic acid on the citrate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.4), especially in the roots. Aluminum-induced changes in these enzymes in the two sorghum cultivars seem to favor a higher production, accumulation, and exudation of these two organic acids in the Al-tolerant cultivar compared with the Al-sensitive one. Organic acids, especially malic acid, probably play an important role in these sorghum cultivar's, tolerances to high levels of Al. Our data support the hypothesis that Al tolerance in sorghum is controlled mainly by an internal detoxification mechanism, probably involving organic acid metabolism.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Al exposure increased major organic acids in sorghum roots and leaves.
- Treatment
- plant exposure to Ale0
- Outcome
- Contents of the main organic acids found in the roots and leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
SorghumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Contents of the main organic acids found in the roots and leaves increased with plant exposure to Al”
t0“Sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic acid contents were higher in the Al-tolerant cultivar.
- Material
- aluminum (Al)-tolerant cultivare0
- Outcome
- Contents of the main organic acidse0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Contents of the main organic acids found in the roots and leaves increased with plant exposure to Al and were always higher in the aluminum (Al)-tolerant cultivar”
t0“Sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Malic and t-aconitic acids were most abundant and changed most under Al.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malic and t-aconitic acids were the most abundant and showed the highest absolute changes in the presence of Al in both cultivars”
t0“Sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Al changed activities of most studied organic metabolism enzymes.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aluminum also changed the activities of most of the enzymes related to organic metabolism studied here”
t0“Sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Al effects on malic acid metabolism were prominent for root fumarase and malate dehydrogenase.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Gene
- fumarase (EC 4.2.1.2) and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37)e0
- Outcome
- more important effects of Al on the enzymes of the malic-acid metabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The more important effects of Al on the enzymes of the malic-acid metabolism were found on the fumarase (EC 4.2.1.2) and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) in the roots”
t0“Sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf fumarase showed a prominent Al effect.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fumarase in the leaves”
t0“Sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Root citrate dehydratase showed a prominent Al effect.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“citrate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.4), especially in the roots”
t0“Sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Al-induced enzyme changes seem to favor greater organic acid production, accumulation and exudation in tolerant sorghum.
- Material
- Al-tolerant cultivare0
- Outcome
- production, accumulation, and exudation of these two organic acidse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- Aluminum-induced changes in these enzymese0
- Comparator
- Al-sensitive onee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aluminum-induced changes in these enzymes in the two sorghum cultivars seem to favor a higher production, accumulation, and exudation of these two organic acids in the Al-tolerant cultivar compared with the Al-sensitive one”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic acids, especially malic acid, probably contribute to Al tolerance.
- Compound
- malic acide0
- Outcome
- tolerances to high levels of Ale0
- Qualifier
- probably play an important rolee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic acids, especially malic acid, probably play an important role in these sorghum cultivar's, tolerances to high levels of Al”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors support mainly internal detoxification through organic acid metabolism as the basis of Al tolerance.
- Outcome
- Al tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- internal detoxification mechanism, probably involving organic acid metabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al tolerance in sorghum is controlled mainly by an internal detoxification mechanism, probably involving organic acid metabolism”
The same questions in other papers
aluminium atom · molecular: metabolites · SorghumResults differ
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.