Abstract
Calcium ions serve as a second messenger in signal transduction and metabolic regulation. Effects of Al on calcium homeostasis remain to be elucidated. Short-term net (45)Ca(2+) uptake by Amaranthus tricolor protoplasts was monitored from uptake media prepared to test the influence of pH, Al, and various inhibitors. Accumulation of (45)Ca(2+) increased during the first 3 to 6 minutes and then leveled off or declined. Al and Ca(2+) channel blockers (verapamil and bepridil) decreased net (45)Ca(2+) uptake. This decrease was more pronounced when Al and bepridil were both present in uptake media, but Al did not aggravate verapamil-induced reduction of net (45)Ca(2+) uptake. Erythrosin B and calmidazolium each increased net (45)Ca(2+) uptake, probably by interfering with Ca(2+) efflux. This effect was undetectable in the presence of Al. Mycophenolic acid decreased net (45)Ca(2+) uptake; guanosine alleviated this effect. Al-induced reduction of net (45)Ca(2+) uptake was not aggravated by mycophenolic acid. Net (45)Ca(2+) uptake was generally less at pH 4.5 than at 5.5 for all treatments. It is concluded that Al ions affect net (45)Ca(2+) uptake by binding to the verapamil-specific channel site that is different from the bepridil-specific one, as well as by interfering with the action of guanosine 5'-triphosphate-binding proteins.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium uptake increased for 3 to 6 minutes then leveled off or declined.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus tricolor
_01.jpg?width=60)
Amaranthus tricolore1 - Outcome
- Accumulation of (45)Ca(2+)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- then leveled off or declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_01.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Accumulation of (45)Ca(2+) increased during the first 3 to 6 minutes and then leveled off or declined”
e1“Amaranthus tricolor protoplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum decreased net calcium uptake.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus tricolorAmaranthus tricolore1
- Treatment
- Ale0
- Outcome
- net (45)Ca(2+) uptakee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al and Ca(2+) channel blockers (verapamil and bepridil) decreased net (45)Ca(2+) uptake”
e1“Amaranthus tricolor protoplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
Verapamil decreased net calcium uptake.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus tricolorAmaranthus tricolore1
- Treatment
- verapamile0
- Outcome
- net (45)Ca(2+) uptakee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al and Ca(2+) channel blockers (verapamil and bepridil) decreased net (45)Ca(2+) uptake”
e1“Amaranthus tricolor protoplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
Bepridil decreased net calcium uptake.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus tricolorAmaranthus tricolore1
- Treatment
- bepridile0
- Outcome
- net (45)Ca(2+) uptakee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al and Ca(2+) channel blockers (verapamil and bepridil) decreased net (45)Ca(2+) uptake”
e1“Amaranthus tricolor protoplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum plus bepridil caused a more pronounced calcium uptake decrease.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus tricolorAmaranthus tricolore2
- Treatment
- Al and bepridile0
- Outcome
- net (45)Ca(2+) uptakee1
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This decrease was more pronounced when Al and bepridil were both present in uptake media”
e1“This decrease was more pronounced when Al and bepridil were both present in uptake media, but Al did not aggravate verapamil-induced reduction of net (45)Ca(2+) uptake”
e2“Amaranthus tricolor protoplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum did not aggravate verapamil-associated calcium uptake reduction.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus tricolorAmaranthus tricolore1
- Treatment
- Ale0
- Outcome
- net (45)Ca(2+) uptakee0
- Direction
- did not aggravatee0
- Comparator
- verapamil-inducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al did not aggravate verapamil-induced reduction of net (45)Ca(2+) uptake”
e1“Amaranthus tricolor protoplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
Erythrosin B increased calcium uptake.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus tricolorAmaranthus tricolore1
- Treatment
- Erythrosin Be0
- Outcome
- net (45)Ca(2+) uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Erythrosin B and calmidazolium each increased net (45)Ca(2+) uptake”
e1“Amaranthus tricolor protoplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
Calmidazolium increased calcium uptake.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus tricolorAmaranthus tricolore1
- Treatment
- calmidazoliume0
- Outcome
- net (45)Ca(2+) uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Erythrosin B and calmidazolium each increased net (45)Ca(2+) uptake”
e1“Amaranthus tricolor protoplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
Their uptake-increasing effect was undetectable with aluminum.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus tricolorAmaranthus tricolore2
- Treatment
- Ale0
- Outcome
- net (45)Ca(2+) uptakee1
- Direction
- undetectablee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This effect was undetectable in the presence of Al”
e1“Erythrosin B and calmidazolium each increased net (45)Ca(2+) uptake”
e2“Amaranthus tricolor protoplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycophenolic acid decreased calcium uptake.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus tricolorAmaranthus tricolore1
- Treatment
- Mycophenolic acide0
- Outcome
- net (45)Ca(2+) uptakee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycophenolic acid decreased net (45)Ca(2+) uptake”
e1“Amaranthus tricolor protoplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
Guanosine alleviated the mycophenolic acid effect.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus tricolorAmaranthus tricolore1
- Treatment
- guanosinee0
- Outcome
- net (45)Ca(2+) uptakee0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Comparator
- Mycophenolic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycophenolic acid decreased net (45)Ca(2+) uptake; guanosine alleviated this effect”
e1“Amaranthus tricolor protoplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycophenolic acid did not aggravate aluminum-associated uptake reduction.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus tricolorAmaranthus tricolore1
- Treatment
- mycophenolic acide0
- Outcome
- net (45)Ca(2+) uptakee0
- Direction
- not aggravatede0
- Comparator
- Al-inducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al-induced reduction of net (45)Ca(2+) uptake was not aggravated by mycophenolic acid”
e1“Amaranthus tricolor protoplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium uptake was generally lower at pH 4.5 than pH 5.5.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus tricolorAmaranthus tricolore1
- Treatment
- pH 4.5e0
- Outcome
- Net (45)Ca(2+) uptakee0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- 5.5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Net (45)Ca(2+) uptake was generally less at pH 4.5 than at 5.5 for all treatments”
e1“Amaranthus tricolor protoplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors conclude aluminum binds a verapamil-specific channel site distinct from the bepridil-specific site.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus tricolorAmaranthus tricolore1
- Outcome
- net (45)Ca(2+) uptakee0
- Qualifier
- binding to the verapamil-specific channel sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al ions affect net (45)Ca(2+) uptake by binding to the verapamil-specific channel site that is different from the bepridil-specific one”
e1“Amaranthus tricolor protoplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors conclude aluminum interferes with guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus tricolorAmaranthus tricolore2
- Outcome
- net (45)Ca(2+) uptakee1
- Qualifier
- interfering with the action of guanosine 5'-triphosphate-binding proteinse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interfering with the action of guanosine 5'-triphosphate-binding proteins”
e1“Al ions affect net (45)Ca(2+) uptake”
e2“Amaranthus tricolor protoplasts”