Abstract
Effects of benzyl adenine (BA), gibberellic acid (GA3 or GA4) and priming with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 on the germination of celery seeds were investigated. In some priming treatments, BA and/or GA were added into the PEG solution. Concentration used for BA and GA were 10ppm and 50ppm respectively.In spinach seeds, too, germination promotion effects of PEG treatment were studied, and also possibility of storage of seeds air-dried after PEG treatment was investigated.PEG concentration used were -11.7 bars for celery seeds and -11.83--10.27 bars for spinach seeds.PEG solution was added to two sheets of blotting paper to full moistening in a Petri dish, and seeds were sown on the blotting paper. After 7 or 14 days of treat ment, seeds were washed with tap water, and sown on the blotting paper moistened with deionized water in a Petri dish, and incubated in a germinator.Results obtained are summarized as follows:A. Celery1. Germination of celery seeds were depressed at the germination temperature above 20°C. BA was much effective in promoting the germination. GA4 was also effective to some extent, but GA3 had no effect. Combined treatment of BA and GA4 was most effective.2. Priming with PEG solution enhanced the germination speed at 20, 25 and 30°C, and improved germination percentage at 25 and 30°C.3. Remarkable effect was observed following 7 days of priming with PEG, but the larger effect was obtained by 14 days of priming.4. As to the treatment temperature, one lot of seeds was favoured by the treatment at 15°C than at 20°C, but another lot of seeds was favoured at 20°C than at 15°C.5. Treatment under light was more effective in promoting the germination than that under dark.6. Addition of BA to the PEG solution enhanced the PEG treatment effect, but GA4 did not.7. The difference in effectiveness of BA and GA4 between their use with and without PEG is considered to be due to the difference in treating methods. That is, in the case of treatment without PEG, seeds were continually in contact with such chemical(s) on the blotting paper till the end of germination experiment, but in the case of treatment with PEG, seeds were in contact with such chemical(s) only during the priming period, because seeds were thereafter germinated on the blotting paper moistened with pure water.B. Spinach.1. Germination speed of spinach seeds was enhanced by PEG treatments at 20, 25 and 30°C, and germination percentage was improved at 30°C.2. When PEG-treated seeds were air-dried and stored for 7 or 14 days, germination percentage did not change, and germination speed lowered only a little, showing preservation of priming effect.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Temperatures above 20°C depressed celery germination.
- Taxon
- celery
%2C_Elswick%2C_Northumberland_4.jpg?width=60)
Apium graveolens Dulce Groupe0 - Treatment
- germination temperature above 20°Ce0
- Outcome
- Germinatione0
- Direction
- depressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
%2C_Elswick%2C_Northumberland_4.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Germination of celery seeds were depressed at the germination temperature above 20°C.”
Claim · model-written summary
BA promoted celery germination.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupt0
- Treatment
- BAe0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- promotinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BA was much effective in promoting the germination.”
t0“Celery”
Claim · model-written summary
GA4 promoted celery germination to some extent.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupt0
- Treatment
- GA4e0
- Outcome
- germinationt1
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA4 was also effective to some extent”
t0“Celery”
t1“Germination of Celery and Spinach Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 had no effect on celery germination.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupt0
- Treatment
- GA3e0
- Outcome
- Germinationt1
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but GA3 had no effect.”
t0“Celery”
t1“Germination of Celery and Spinach Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined BA and GA4 was most effective for celery germination.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupt0
- Treatment
- Combined treatment of BA and GA4e0
- Outcome
- Germinationt1
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined treatment of BA and GA4 was most effective.”
t0“Celery”
t1“Germination of Celery and Spinach Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG priming increased celery germination speed at 20, 25 and 30°C.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupt0
- Treatment
- Priming with PEG solutione0
- Outcome
- germination speede0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Priming with PEG solution enhanced the germination speed at 20, 25 and 30°C”
t0“Celery”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG priming improved celery germination percentage at 25 and 30°C.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupt0
- Treatment
- PEGe1
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved germination percentage at 25 and 30°C.”
t0“Celery”
e1“Priming with PEG solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Fourteen days of PEG priming had a larger effect than seven days.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupt0
- Treatment
- 14 days of priminge0
- Outcome
- effecte0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- 7 days of priming with PEGe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Remarkable effect was observed following 7 days of priming with PEG, but the larger effect was obtained by 14 days of priming.”
t0“Celery”
Claim · model-written summary
One celery seed lot favored 15°C priming and another favored 20°C.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupt0
- Outcome
- one lot of seeds was favoured by the treatment at 15°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“one lot of seeds was favoured by the treatment at 15°C than at 20°C, but another lot of seeds was favoured at 20°C than at 15°C.”
t0“Celery”
Claim · model-written summary
Light during treatment promoted celery germination more than darkness.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupt0
- Treatment
- Treatment under lighte0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- under darke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment under light was more effective in promoting the germination than that under dark.”
t0“Celery”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding BA enhanced the celery PEG treatment effect.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupt0
- Treatment
- Addition of BA to the PEG solutione0
- Outcome
- PEG treatment effecte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Addition of BA to the PEG solution enhanced the PEG treatment effect, but GA4 did not.”
t0“Celery”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding GA4 did not enhance the celery PEG treatment effect.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupt0
- Treatment
- GA4e0
- Outcome
- PEG treatment effecte0
- Direction
- did note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Addition of BA to the PEG solution enhanced the PEG treatment effect, but GA4 did not.”
t0“Celery”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG increased spinach germination speed at 20, 25 and 30°C.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Treatment
- PEG treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Germination speede0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination speed of spinach seeds was enhanced by PEG treatments at 20, 25 and 30°C”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG improved spinach germination percentage at 30°C.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- PEGe1
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germination percentage was improved at 30°C.”
t0“Spinach”
e1“spinach seeds was enhanced by PEG treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Air drying and storage for 7 or 14 days preserved spinach germination percentage.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- air-dried and stored for 7 or 14 dayse0
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- did not changee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When PEG-treated seeds were air-dried and stored for 7 or 14 days, germination percentage did not change”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Air drying and storage slightly lowered PEG-treated spinach germination speed.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- PEGe1
- Outcome
- germination speede0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germination speed lowered only a little, showing preservation of priming effect.”
t0“Spinach”
e1“PEG-treated seeds”
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