Abstract
Abstract The present study is based on the hypothesis that different methods of supplying boron (B) may have different effects on the yield and quality performance of tobacco crop. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different methods of B fertilization on the yield, quality, and leaf composition of flue-cured Virginia tobacco (cv. K-399) in 2007 at the Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehra. Three different methods (i.e., foliar spray, soil application, and root dipping at the rates of 0.25 kg ha–1, 1 kg ha–1, and 0.5 mg B L–1, respectively) in the form of boric acid along with a control (where no B was applied) were used in a randomized complete block design and replicated four times. Results revealed that different methods of B application significantly affected tobacco yield, quality, and nutrient uptake compared to the control. Maximum leaf area of 707 cm2, green leaf yield of 18553 kg ha–1, cured leaf yield of 2314 kg ha–1, grade index of 79%, nicotine content of 2.54%, and sugar content of 18.35% were noted in the treatment plot where B was applied as a foliar spray; however, in a few cases, there was no significant difference found among different methods of B application. Chloride and potassium contents were not significantly affected by any method of B fertilization. The B fertilization increased the concentration of this element in tobacco leaf, and a maximum concentration of B 48.55 mg kg–1 was noted in the foliar spray treatment. Moreover, fertilizer-use efficiency for different methods of B application revealed that foliar spray is more efficient as compared to soil application and root-dipping methods. Nutrient ratios to B such as potassium (K) / B and chloride (Cl) / B considerably decreased in tobacco leaf with increases in the concentration of B in leaves. These ratios provided some indication of the interrelationship of B with these nutrients in tobacco plants. Results also revealed that K/B and Cl/B ratios closely correlated with the grade index of tobacco leaf, and good grades of tobacco were found to be at a K/B ratio of 682 and a Cl/B ratio of 148 under the experimental conditions. The overall results indicated that the B foliar spray at the rate of 0.25 kg ha–1 significantly increased the yield, quality, and the nutrient uptake by the tobacco crop under the prevailing conditions and was more effective than other methods of B application. Keywords: Fertilizer-use efficiencyfoliar sprayqualityratioroot dippingsoil applicationtobaccoyield
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar boron spray gave the maximum leaf area (707 cm2).
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacum
Nicotiana tabacumt0 - Material
- K-399e0
- Treatment
- foliar spraye1
- Outcome
- leaf areae1
- Direction
- Maximume1
- Value
- 707 cm2e1
- Setting
- Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehrae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.)”
e0“A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different methods of B fertilization on the yield, quality, and leaf composition of flue-cured Virginia tobacco (cv. K-399) in 2007 at the Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehra”
e1“Maximum leaf area of 707 cm2, green leaf yield of 18553 kg ha–1, cured leaf yield of 2314 kg ha–1, grade index of 79%, nicotine content of 2.54%, and sugar content of 18.35% were noted in the treatment plot where B was applied as a foliar spray”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar boron spray gave the maximum green leaf yield (18553 kg ha-1).
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- K-399e0
- Treatment
- foliar spraye1
- Outcome
- green leaf yielde1
- Direction
- Maximume1
- Value
- 18553 kg ha–1e1
- Setting
- Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehrae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.)”
e0“A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different methods of B fertilization on the yield, quality, and leaf composition of flue-cured Virginia tobacco (cv. K-399) in 2007 at the Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehra”
e1“Maximum leaf area of 707 cm2, green leaf yield of 18553 kg ha–1, cured leaf yield of 2314 kg ha–1, grade index of 79%, nicotine content of 2.54%, and sugar content of 18.35% were noted in the treatment plot where B was applied as a foliar spray”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar boron spray gave the maximum cured leaf yield (2314 kg ha-1).
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- K-399e0
- Treatment
- foliar spraye1
- Outcome
- cured leaf yielde1
- Direction
- Maximume1
- Value
- 2314 kg ha–1e1
- Setting
- Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehrae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.)”
e0“A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different methods of B fertilization on the yield, quality, and leaf composition of flue-cured Virginia tobacco (cv. K-399) in 2007 at the Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehra”
e1“Maximum leaf area of 707 cm2, green leaf yield of 18553 kg ha–1, cured leaf yield of 2314 kg ha–1, grade index of 79%, nicotine content of 2.54%, and sugar content of 18.35% were noted in the treatment plot where B was applied as a foliar spray”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar boron spray gave the maximum grade index (79%).
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- K-399e0
- Treatment
- foliar spraye1
- Outcome
- grade indexe1
- Direction
- Maximume1
- Value
- 79%e1
- Setting
- Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehrae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.)”
e0“A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different methods of B fertilization on the yield, quality, and leaf composition of flue-cured Virginia tobacco (cv. K-399) in 2007 at the Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehra”
e1“Maximum leaf area of 707 cm2, green leaf yield of 18553 kg ha–1, cured leaf yield of 2314 kg ha–1, grade index of 79%, nicotine content of 2.54%, and sugar content of 18.35% were noted in the treatment plot where B was applied as a foliar spray”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar boron spray gave the maximum nicotine content (2.54%).
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- K-399e0
- Treatment
- foliar spraye1
- Outcome
- nicotine contente1
- Direction
- Maximume1
- Value
- 2.54%e1
- Setting
- Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehrae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.)”
e0“A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different methods of B fertilization on the yield, quality, and leaf composition of flue-cured Virginia tobacco (cv. K-399) in 2007 at the Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehra”
e1“Maximum leaf area of 707 cm2, green leaf yield of 18553 kg ha–1, cured leaf yield of 2314 kg ha–1, grade index of 79%, nicotine content of 2.54%, and sugar content of 18.35% were noted in the treatment plot where B was applied as a foliar spray”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar boron spray gave the maximum sugar content (18.35%).
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- K-399e0
- Treatment
- foliar spraye1
- Outcome
- sugar contente1
- Direction
- Maximume1
- Value
- 18.35%e1
- Setting
- Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehrae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.)”
e0“A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different methods of B fertilization on the yield, quality, and leaf composition of flue-cured Virginia tobacco (cv. K-399) in 2007 at the Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehra”
e1“Maximum leaf area of 707 cm2, green leaf yield of 18553 kg ha–1, cured leaf yield of 2314 kg ha–1, grade index of 79%, nicotine content of 2.54%, and sugar content of 18.35% were noted in the treatment plot where B was applied as a foliar spray”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar boron spray at 0.25 kg ha-1 significantly increased yield, quality and nutrient uptake, and was more effective than other B application methods.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- K-399e0
- Treatment
- B foliar spray at the rate of 0.25 kg ha–1e2
- Outcome
- yield, quality, and the nutrient uptakee2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- under the prevailing conditionse2
- Comparator
- other methods of B applicatione2
- Setting
- Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehrae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.)”
e0“A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different methods of B fertilization on the yield, quality, and leaf composition of flue-cured Virginia tobacco (cv. K-399) in 2007 at the Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehra”
e2“The overall results indicated that the B foliar spray at the rate of 0.25 kg ha–1 significantly increased the yield, quality, and the nutrient uptake by the tobacco crop under the prevailing conditions and was more effective than other methods of B application”
Claim · model-written summary
Different B application methods significantly affected tobacco yield, quality and nutrient uptake compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- K-399e0
- Treatment
- different methods of B applicatione3
- Outcome
- tobacco yield, quality, and nutrient uptakee3
- Comparator
- the controle3
- Setting
- Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehrae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.)”
e0“A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different methods of B fertilization on the yield, quality, and leaf composition of flue-cured Virginia tobacco (cv. K-399) in 2007 at the Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehra”
e3“Results revealed that different methods of B application significantly affected tobacco yield, quality, and nutrient uptake compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloride and potassium contents were not significantly affected by any B fertilization method.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- K-399e0
- Treatment
- any method of B fertilizatione4
- Outcome
- Chloride and potassium contentse4
- Direction
- not significantly affectede4
- Setting
- Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehrae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.)”
e0“A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different methods of B fertilization on the yield, quality, and leaf composition of flue-cured Virginia tobacco (cv. K-399) in 2007 at the Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehra”
e4“Chloride and potassium contents were not significantly affected by any method of B fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
B fertilization increased the B concentration in tobacco leaf.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- K-399e0
- Organ / stage
- tobacco leafe5
- Treatment
- B fertilizatione5
- Outcome
- concentration of this element in tobacco leafe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Setting
- Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehrae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.)”
e0“A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different methods of B fertilization on the yield, quality, and leaf composition of flue-cured Virginia tobacco (cv. K-399) in 2007 at the Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehra”
e5“The B fertilization increased the concentration of this element in tobacco leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar boron spray gave the maximum leaf boron concentration (48.55 mg kg-1).
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- K-399e0
- Treatment
- foliar spraye6
- Outcome
- concentration of Be6
- Direction
- maximume6
- Value
- 48.55 mg kg–1e6
- Setting
- Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehrae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.)”
e0“A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different methods of B fertilization on the yield, quality, and leaf composition of flue-cured Virginia tobacco (cv. K-399) in 2007 at the Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehra”
e6“a maximum concentration of B 48.55 mg kg–1 was noted in the foliar spray treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar boron spray gave higher fertilizer-use efficiency than soil application and root dipping.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- K-399e0
- Treatment
- foliar spraye7
- Outcome
- fertilizer-use efficiencye7
- Direction
- more efficiente7
- Comparator
- soil application and root-dipping methodse7
- Setting
- Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehrae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.)”
e0“A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different methods of B fertilization on the yield, quality, and leaf composition of flue-cured Virginia tobacco (cv. K-399) in 2007 at the Pakistan Tobacco Research Station, Mansehra”
e7“Moreover, fertilizer-use efficiency for different methods of B application revealed that foliar spray is more efficient as compared to soil application and root-dipping methods”
Claim · model-written summary
K/B and Cl/B nutrient ratios decreased in tobacco leaf as leaf B concentration increased.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Organ / stage
- tobacco leafe2
- Outcome
- Nutrient ratios to Be2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.)”
e2“Nutrient ratios to B such as potassium (K) / B and chloride (Cl) / B considerably decreased in tobacco leaf with increases in the concentration of B in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
K/B and Cl/B ratios were closely correlated with the tobacco leaf grade index.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Organ / stage
- tobacco leafe3
- Outcome
- grade indexe3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.)”
e3“K/B and Cl/B ratios closely correlated with the grade index of tobacco leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Good tobacco grades were found at a K/B ratio of 682.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- good gradese7
- Value
- K/B ratio of 682e7
- Qualifier
- under the experimental conditionse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.)”
e7“good grades of tobacco were found to be at a K/B ratio of 682 and a Cl/B ratio of 148 under the experimental conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Good tobacco grades were found at a Cl/B ratio of 148.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- good gradese7
- Value
- Cl/B ratio of 148e7
- Qualifier
- under the experimental conditionse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.)”
e7“good grades of tobacco were found to be at a K/B ratio of 682 and a Cl/B ratio of 148 under the experimental conditions”
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