Abstract
Abstract The possibility that the nature of the inhibitory effect of NaCl is different during imbibition compared to germination was investigated. Germination in both NaCl and betaine (a non‐toxic solute) improved with pre‐imbibition in water. Seeds imbibed in inhibitory concentrations of either solute could be induced to germinate by brief exposure to water. Electron micrographs of tissue from seeds imbibed in 0.5 kmol m −3 NaCl for 25 h showed cells identical to those in seeds imbibed in water for only 1 h, but seeds imbibed for 6 h in water exhibited many changes in ultrastructure. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that seed hydration must reach a critical value before germination can proceed, and that the inhibitory effect of NaCl is primarily osmotic in barley seeds that have not reached this hydration threshold. Although isotonic solutions of betaine and NaCl were equally inhibitory to germination, isotonic solutions of betaine and NaCl were not equally inhibitory to continued development in seeds which had been pre‐imbibed in water. Calcium ions improved both germination and plumule emergence of pre‐imbibed seeds in NaCl solutions, but calcium had little effect on pre‐imbibed seeds placed in betaine. Very high concentrations of NaCl or betaine inhibited germination, but did not kill dry seeds. Both solutes, on the other hand, were lethal at high concentrations to germinating seeds. NaCl killed germinating seeds more rapidly than betaine, but calcium reduced the rate of killing to nearly that of betaine. We conclude that hydrated seeds are sensitive to both osmotic and toxic effects of NaCl and that calcium mitigates the toxic effect of NaCl, but not the osmotic effect.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Water pre-imbibition improved germination under either solute.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- pre‐imbibition in watere0
- Outcome
- Germinatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“barley”
e0“Germination in both NaCl and betaine (a non‐toxic solute) improved with pre‐imbibition in water”
Claim · model-written summary
Brief water exposure induced germination after inhibitory solute imbibition.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- brief exposure to watere0
- Outcome
- germinatee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley”
e0“Seeds imbibed in inhibitory concentrations of either solute could be induced to germinate by brief exposure to water”
Claim · model-written summary
After 25 h in NaCl, seed cells resembled cells hydrated in water for only 1 h.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- 0.5 kmol m −3 NaCle0
- Outcome
- cells identicale0
- Comparator
- seeds imbibed in water for only 1 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley”
e0“seeds imbibed in 0.5 kmol m −3 NaCl for 25 h showed cells identical to those in seeds imbibed in water for only 1 h”
Claim · model-written summary
Six hours of water imbibition produced many ultrastructural changes.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- 6 h in watere0
- Outcome
- changes in ultrastructuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley”
e0“seeds imbibed for 6 h in water exhibited many changes in ultrastructure”
Claim · model-written summary
Isotonic betaine and NaCl were equally inhibitory to germination.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- isotonic solutions of betainee0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- equally inhibitorye0
- Comparator
- NaCle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley”
e0“isotonic solutions of betaine and NaCl were equally inhibitory to germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Isotonic betaine and NaCl differed in inhibition of continued development after pre-imbibition.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- isotonic solutions of betainee0
- Outcome
- continued developmente0
- Qualifier
- seeds which had been pre‐imbibed in watere0
- Comparator
- NaCle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley”
e0“isotonic solutions of betaine and NaCl were not equally inhibitory to continued development in seeds which had been pre‐imbibed in water”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium improved germination in pre-imbibed seeds exposed to NaCl.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Calcium ionse0
- Outcome
- germination and plumule emergencee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- pre‐imbibed seeds in NaCl solutionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley”
e0“Calcium ions improved both germination and plumule emergence of pre‐imbibed seeds in NaCl solutions”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium had little effect on pre-imbibed seeds in betaine.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- calciume0
- Outcome
- pre‐imbibed seeds placed in betainee0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley”
e0“calcium had little effect on pre‐imbibed seeds placed in betaine”
Claim · model-written summary
Very high NaCl inhibited germination without killing dry seeds.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Very high concentrations of NaCle0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- did not kill dry seedse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley”
e0“Very high concentrations of NaCl or betaine inhibited germination, but did not kill dry seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Very high betaine inhibited germination without killing dry seeds.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- betainee0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- did not kill dry seedse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley”
e0“Very high concentrations of NaCl or betaine inhibited germination, but did not kill dry seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
High concentrations of both solutes killed germinating seeds.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- lethal at high concentrations to germinating seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley”
e0“Both solutes, on the other hand, were lethal at high concentrations to germinating seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl killed germinating seeds more rapidly than betaine.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- killed germinating seedse0
- Direction
- more rapidlye0
- Comparator
- betainee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley”
e0“NaCl killed germinating seeds more rapidly than betaine”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium reduced NaCl killing rate to nearly that of betaine.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- calciume0
- Outcome
- rate of killinge0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- betainee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley”
e0“calcium reduced the rate of killing to nearly that of betaine”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors conclude hydrated seeds are sensitive to both osmotic and toxic NaCl effects.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- sensitive to both osmotic and toxic effects of NaCle0
- Qualifier
- hydrated seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley”
e0“hydrated seeds are sensitive to both osmotic and toxic effects of NaCl”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors conclude calcium mitigates the toxic but not osmotic NaCl effect.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- calciume0
- Outcome
- toxic effect of NaCle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley”
e0“calcium mitigates the toxic effect of NaCl, but not the osmotic effect”
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