Abstract
An experiment was made on the fourth, fifth and sixth successive crops of winter wheat to determine the effects of various treatments on the troubles which result from close cereal cropping. Eyespot and lodging were prevalent in the first year (1946); weeds in the second; eyespot, lodging, take‐all and weeds in the third. Spraying with H 2 SO 4 reduced the incidence of eyespot, lodging and weeds, and increased yield of grain on plots which received sulphate of ammonia (by 2.7, 2.2 and 10.0 cwt./acre in successive years). Sulphate of ammonia increased the incidence at harvest of eyespot and lodging, reduced take‐all and consistently increased yield of straw. Eyespot and lodging reduced the effect of the fertilizer on yield of grain, take‐all increased it. Increase in seed rate increased the incidence of severe eyespot and of take‐all; it increased lodging except when plants were dwarfed by take‐all. Weight of straw and percentage straws with severe eyespot lesions independently affected lodging, together accounting for 51% of the variance in percentage area lodged at harvest and 64 % of that lodged 33 days earlier. Mean yields of grain on untreated plots sown with 3.3 1/2 bushels seed/acre fell from 26.0 to 22.5 to 11.7 cwt./acre in successive years, whereas yields of 28.4, 29.9 and 29.1 cwt./acre were obtained on sprayed plots sown with 1 1/2.2 bushels seed/acre which received 4 cwt./acre sulphate of ammonia, showing that high yields were maintained when eyespot, lodging, take‐all and weeds were controlled. By 1948 yields of grain on unsprayed plots had fallen to the level of those on similarly manured plots on the continuous wheat experiment on Broadbalk field. Spraying increased grain by amounts similar to those resulting from one year's fallow on Broadbalk; but fallow had its greatest effects on plots with low nitrogen, spraying on those with high nitrogen.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Eyespot and lodging were prevalent in 1946.
- Taxon
- WHEAT
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- Eyespot and lodginge0
- Setting
- 1946e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“Eyespot and lodging were prevalent in the first year (1946)”
Claim · model-written summary
Weeds were prevalent in the second year.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- weedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“weeds in the second”
Claim · model-written summary
Eyespot, lodging, take-all and weeds occurred in the third year.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- eyespot, lodging, take‐all and weedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“eyespot, lodging, take‐all and weeds in the third”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid spraying reduced eyespot, lodging and weeds.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Spraying with H 2 SO 4e0
- Outcome
- incidence of eyespot, lodging and weedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“Spraying with H 2 SO 4 reduced the incidence of eyespot, lodging and weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid spraying raised grain yield on ammonium sulfate plots by 2.7 cwt./acre in the first year.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sulphate of ammoniae0
- Outcome
- yield of graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.7e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“increased yield of grain on plots which received sulphate of ammonia (by 2.7, 2.2 and 10.0 cwt./acre in successive years)”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid spraying raised grain yield on ammonium sulfate plots by 2.2 cwt./acre in the second year.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Spraying with H 2 SO 4e0
- Outcome
- yield of graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“Spraying with H 2 SO 4 reduced the incidence of eyespot, lodging and weeds, and increased yield of grain on plots which received sulphate of ammonia (by 2.7, 2.2 and 10.0 cwt./acre in successive years)”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid spraying raised grain yield on ammonium sulfate plots by 10.0 cwt./acre in the third year.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Spraying with H 2 SO 4e0
- Outcome
- yield of graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.0 cwt./acree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“Spraying with H 2 SO 4 reduced the incidence of eyespot, lodging and weeds, and increased yield of grain on plots which received sulphate of ammonia (by 2.7, 2.2 and 10.0 cwt./acre in successive years)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulfate increased eyespot at harvest.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Sulphate of ammoniae0
- Outcome
- incidence at harvest of eyespote0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“Sulphate of ammonia increased the incidence at harvest of eyespot and lodging”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulfate increased lodging at harvest.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Sulphate of ammoniae0
- Outcome
- lodginge0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“Sulphate of ammonia increased the incidence at harvest of eyespot and lodging”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulfate reduced take-all.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Sulphate of ammoniae0
- Outcome
- take‐alle0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“Sulphate of ammonia increased the incidence at harvest of eyespot and lodging, reduced take‐all”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulfate consistently increased straw yield.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Sulphate of ammoniae1
- Outcome
- yield of strawe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“consistently increased yield of straw.”
e1“Sulphate of ammonia increased the incidence at harvest of eyespot and lodging, reduced take‐all and consistently increased yield of straw.”
Claim · model-written summary
Eyespot and lodging reduced the fertilizer effect on grain yield.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Eyespote0pathogen
- Outcome
- effect of the fertilizer on yield of graine0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“Eyespot and lodging reduced the effect of the fertilizer on yield of grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Take-all increased the fertilizer effect on grain yield.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- take‐alle0pathogen
- Outcome
- take‐alle0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“take‐all increased it.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher seed rate increased severe eyespot and take-all.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Increase in seed ratee0
- Outcome
- incidence of severe eyespot and of take‐alle0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“Increase in seed rate increased the incidence of severe eyespot and of take‐all”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher seed rate increased lodging unless take-all dwarfed the plants.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Increase in seed ratee1
- Outcome
- lodginge0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- except when plants were dwarfed by take‐alle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“it increased lodging except when plants were dwarfed by take‐all.”
e1“Increase in seed rate increased the incidence of severe eyespot and of take‐all”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw weight and severe eyespot jointly explained 51% of lodging variance at harvest.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- strawe0
- Outcome
- variance in percentage area lodged at harveste0
- Value
- 51%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“Weight of straw and percentage straws with severe eyespot lesions independently affected lodging, together accounting for 51% of the variance in percentage area lodged at harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw weight and severe eyespot jointly explained 64% of earlier lodging variance.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- strawe0
- Outcome
- that lodged 33 days earliere0
- Value
- 64 %e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“Weight of straw and percentage straws with severe eyespot lesions independently affected lodging, together accounting for 51% of the variance in percentage area lodged at harvest and 64 % of that lodged 33 days earlier.”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated grain yields declined across successive years.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yields of graine0
- Direction
- felle0
- Value
- 26.0 to 22.5 to 11.7 cwt./acree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“Mean yields of grain on untreated plots sown with 3.3 1/2 bushels seed/acre fell from 26.0 to 22.5 to 11.7 cwt./acre in successive years”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated plots maintained grain yields across successive years.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- high yieldse0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Value
- 28.4, 29.9 and 29.1 cwt./acree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“yields of 28.4, 29.9 and 29.1 cwt./acre were obtained on sprayed plots sown with 1 1/2.2 bushels seed/acre which received 4 cwt./acre sulphate of ammonia, showing that high yields were maintained”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying boosted grain similarly to a year of fallow, with larger benefits at high nitrogen.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- one year's fallowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WHEAT”
e0“Spraying increased grain by amounts similar to those resulting from one year's fallow on Broadbalk; but fallow had its greatest effects on plots with low nitrogen, spraying on those with high nitrogen.”
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See all 110 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.