Abstract
Investigations were carried out to determine reasons for reduced yields in two out of three multiple wheat cropping trials, where ammonium sulphate (S/A) was applied each year at 376 kg ha-1 (76 kg N ha-1). These included chemical analysis of soil and plant samples from the trials, and a pot trial on soil from the two affected sites at Merredin and Wongan Hills. At all three sites the SIAtreatment lowered soil pH and exchangeable bases and increased exchangeable H in the soil. Available Al was markedly increased at Merredin and Wongan Hills, the sites where yields were reduced, but to a much lesser degree on the third site at Beverley. Available Mn was increased at Beverley. The reductions in soil Mg and K were reflected in the contents of these nutrients in wheat tops from the sites, but Ca content was affected only at Merredin. Plant Mn levels were increased by S/A at Wongan Hills and Beverley, but Al levels did not show any consistent effects. The level of plant Mo was reduced by S/A at all sites. In pots, on soil from the high S/A plots at Merredin and Wongan Hills a large growth response to lime was obtained, but no growth responses to Ca, Mg or K. The response to lime was associated with a decrease in Al in the plants at both sites and an increase in P at Merredin. It was considered that Al toxicity was the most likely cause of the yield reductions, but that levels of K and Mo could also be marginal for healthy growth.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulphate lowered soil pH and exchangeable bases at all three sites
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- ammonium sulphatee1
- Outcome
- soil pH and exchangeable basese0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Setting
- all three sitese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduction in wheat yields”
e0“At all three sites the SIAtreatment lowered soil pH and exchangeable bases and increased exchangeable H in the soil”
e1“reduced yields in two out of three multiple wheat cropping trials, where ammonium sulphate (S/A) was applied each year at 376 kg ha-1 (76 kg N ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulphate increased exchangeable H in the soil at all three sites
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ammonium sulphatee1
- Outcome
- exchangeable He0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- all three sitese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduction in wheat yields”
e0“At all three sites the SIAtreatment lowered soil pH and exchangeable bases and increased exchangeable H in the soil”
e1“reduced yields in two out of three multiple wheat cropping trials, where ammonium sulphate (S/A) was applied each year at 376 kg ha-1 (76 kg N ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulphate markedly increased available Al at Merredin and Wongan Hills, to a much lesser degree than at Beverley
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ammonium sulphatee1
- Outcome
- Available Ale0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- to a much lesser degreee0
- Comparator
- the third site at Beverleye0
- Setting
- Merredin and Wongan Hillse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduction in wheat yields”
e0“Available Al was markedly increased at Merredin and Wongan Hills, the sites where yields were reduced, but to a much lesser degree on the third site at Beverley”
e1“reduced yields in two out of three multiple wheat cropping trials, where ammonium sulphate (S/A) was applied each year at 376 kg ha-1 (76 kg N ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulphate increased available Mn at Beverley
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ammonium sulphatee1
- Outcome
- Available Mne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- Beverleye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduction in wheat yields”
e0“Available Mn was increased at Beverley”
e1“reduced yields in two out of three multiple wheat cropping trials, where ammonium sulphate (S/A) was applied each year at 376 kg ha-1 (76 kg N ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulphate was associated with reduced wheat yields in two of three trials
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ammonium sulphatee0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- two out of three multiple wheat cropping trialse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduction in wheat yields”
e0“reduced yields in two out of three multiple wheat cropping trials, where ammonium sulphate (S/A) was applied each year at 376 kg ha-1 (76 kg N ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulphate increased plant Mn levels at Wongan Hills and Beverley
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- S/Ae0
- Outcome
- Plant Mn levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- Wongan Hills and Beverleye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduction in wheat yields”
e0“Plant Mn levels were increased by S/A at Wongan Hills and Beverley, but Al levels did not show any consistent effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulphate showed no consistent effect on plant Al levels
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- S/Ae0
- Outcome
- Al levelse0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
- Qualifier
- did not show any consistent effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduction in wheat yields”
e0“Plant Mn levels were increased by S/A at Wongan Hills and Beverley, but Al levels did not show any consistent effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulphate reduced plant Mo levels at all sites
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduction in wheat yields”
e0“The level of plant Mo was reduced by S/A at all sites”
Claim · model-written summary
Reductions in soil Mg and K are reflected in lower contents of these nutrients in wheat tops
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- wheat topse0
- Outcome
- contents of these nutrientse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduction in wheat yields”
e0“The reductions in soil Mg and K were reflected in the contents of these nutrients in wheat tops from the sites, but Ca content was affected only at Merredin”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca content in wheat tops was affected only at Merredin
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- wheat topse0
- Outcome
- Ca contente0
- Qualifier
- affected only at Merredine0
- Setting
- Merredine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduction in wheat yields”
e0“The reductions in soil Mg and K were reflected in the contents of these nutrients in wheat tops from the sites, but Ca content was affected only at Merredin”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime gave a large growth response in pots on soil from high S/A plots at Merredin and Wongan Hills
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- limee0
- Outcome
- growth responsee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Qualifier
- on soil from the high S/A plots at Merredin and Wongan Hillse0
- Setting
- potse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduction in wheat yields”
e0“In pots, on soil from the high S/A plots at Merredin and Wongan Hills a large growth response to lime was obtained, but no growth responses to Ca, Mg or K”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium, magnesium or potassium gave no growth response in pots on high S/A soil
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Ca, Mg or Ke0
- Outcome
- growth responsese0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
- Setting
- potse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduction in wheat yields”
e0“In pots, on soil from the high S/A plots at Merredin and Wongan Hills a large growth response to lime was obtained, but no growth responses to Ca, Mg or K”
Claim · model-written summary
The lime response was associated with decreased Al in plants at both sites
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- limee0
- Outcome
- Al in the plantse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Setting
- both sitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduction in wheat yields”
e0“The response to lime was associated with a decrease in Al in the plants at both sites and an increase in P at Merredin”
Claim · model-written summary
The lime response was associated with increased P at Merredin
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduction in wheat yields”
e0“The response to lime was associated with a decrease in Al in the plants at both sites and an increase in P at Merredin”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider Al toxicity the most likely cause of the yield reductions
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- Ale0
- Outcome
- yield reductionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduction in wheat yields”
e0“It was considered that Al toxicity was the most likely cause of the yield reductions, but that levels of K and Mo could also be marginal for healthy growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest K and Mo levels could be marginal for healthy growth of wheat
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- K and Moe0
- Outcome
- healthy growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduction in wheat yields”
e0“It was considered that Al toxicity was the most likely cause of the yield reductions, but that levels of K and Mo could also be marginal for healthy growth”
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