Abstract
Lodging reduces yield in soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.j. Ethephon [(2‐Chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] has been proposed as a harvest aid to improve soybean lodging resistance. The effects of ethephon rate and time of application on ‘Williams 82’ soybean grown at Urbana, IL, were investigated using a Drummer silty clay loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquoll). Ethephon was applied at V3 and V7 stages of development at rates of 0, 0.13, 0.25, and 0.38 lb a.i./acre. Plants were divided into one upper and one lower portion to facilitate closer examination of plant morphology. Ethephon reduced stem length and leaf area, particularly in the lower plant. Upper stem elongation compensated for ethephon induced lower stem length reduction in the 1987 V3 treatments. Ethephon application increased lodging in 1987, a favorable year for soybean production. But in 1988, smaller, drought stressed plants did not lodge. Application at V3 significantly increased leaf abscission compared with the later application. Total nonstructural carbohydrate and starch in the three basal stem internodes declined with increasing ethephon rates for the V3 application, but increased for the V7 application. Free sugar levels in these basal nodes were unaffected by treatment. Midstem free sugar levels declined with increasing ethephon rate. Relative water contents in R5 lower stem segments were reduced by ethephon treatments relative to midstem segments in 1988. Ethephon treatment reduced leaf area more than plant height, especially in the lower plant. This may have reduced yield for all ethephon treatments and reduced lower stem carbohydrate status for V3 treatments. Ethephon also reduced pod number in the lower plant for V3 but not V7 applications. While ethephon application produced the desired stem morphological change, 1987 results indicate that other effects weakened the lower stem's resistance to bending.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon reduced soybean stem length and leaf area, especially in the lower plant.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Material
- Williams 82t0
- Organ / stage
- lower plante0
- Treatment
- Ethephone0
- Outcome
- stem length and leaf areae0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon reduced stem length and leaf area, particularly in the lower plant.”
t0“Williams 82 Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Upper stem elongation compensated for lower stem shortening under 1987 V3 ethephon treatment.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- ethephone0
- Outcome
- Upper stem elongatione0
- Qualifier
- 1987 V3 treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upper stem elongation compensated for ethephon induced lower stem length reduction in the 1987 V3 treatments.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon increased lodging in 1987.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Ethephon applicatione0
- Outcome
- lodginge0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 1987e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon application increased lodging in 1987, a favorable year for soybean production.”
Claim · model-written summary
The smaller drought stressed soybean plants did not lodge in 1988.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- did not lodgee0
- Qualifier
- 1988, smaller, drought stressed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“But in 1988, smaller, drought stressed plants did not lodge.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
V3 ethephon application increased leaf abscission relative to later application.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Application at V3e0
- Outcome
- leaf abscissione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the later applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application at V3 significantly increased leaf abscission compared with the later application.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Basal stem total nonstructural carbohydrate and starch declined as ethephon rate increased at V3.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- three basal stem internodese0
- Treatment
- increasing ethephon ratese0
- Outcome
- Total nonstructural carbohydrate and starche0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Qualifier
- V3 applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total nonstructural carbohydrate and starch in the three basal stem internodes declined with increasing ethephon rates for the V3 application”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Basal stem total nonstructural carbohydrate and starch increased with ethephon rate at V7.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- three basal stem internodese0
- Treatment
- increasing ethephon ratese0
- Outcome
- Total nonstructural carbohydrate and starche0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- V7 applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total nonstructural carbohydrate and starch in the three basal stem internodes declined with increasing ethephon rates for the V3 application, but increased for the V7 application.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon treatment did not change free sugar levels in basal nodes.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- basal nodese0
- Treatment
- treatmente0
- Outcome
- Free sugar levelse0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Free sugar levels in these basal nodes were unaffected by treatment.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Midstem free sugar levels declined with increasing ethephon rate.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- increasing ethephon ratee0
- Outcome
- Midstem free sugar levelse0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Midstem free sugar levels declined with increasing ethephon rate.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon reduced relative water content in R5 lower stems relative to midstem segments in 1988.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- R5 lower stem segmentse0
- Treatment
- ethephon treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Relative water contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 1988e0
- Comparator
- midstem segmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative water contents in R5 lower stem segments were reduced by ethephon treatments relative to midstem segments in 1988.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon reduced leaf area more than plant height, especially in the lower plant.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- lower plante0
- Treatment
- Ethephon treatmente0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- plant heighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon treatment reduced leaf area more than plant height, especially in the lower plant.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest ethephon induced leaf area loss may have reduced yield in every treatment.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- ethephon treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Qualifier
- may have reduced yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This may have reduced yield for all ethephon treatments”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon may have lowered lower stem carbohydrate status under V3 treatment.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- V3 treatmentse0
- Outcome
- lower stem carbohydrate statuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced lower stem carbohydrate status for V3 treatments.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon reduced pod number in the lower plant under V3 application.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- lower plante0
- Treatment
- Ethephone0
- Outcome
- pod numbere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- V3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon also reduced pod number in the lower plant for V3 but not V7 applications.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon did not reduce lower plant pod number under V7 application.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- lower plante0
- Treatment
- Ethephone0
- Outcome
- pod numbere0
- Direction
- note0
- Qualifier
- V7e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon also reduced pod number in the lower plant for V3 but not V7 applications.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Despite the intended stem morphology, other effects weakened lower stem bending resistance in 1987.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- lower stem's resistance to bendinge0
- Direction
- weakenede0
- Qualifier
- 1987e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1987 results indicate that other effects weakened the lower stem's resistance to bending.”
t0“Soybean”
The same questions in other papers
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.