Abstract
Integrating fertilizer N with organic manures is an important management strategy for sustainable agriculture production systems in subhumid, rainfed soils low in organic matter. A 2‐yr (2007–2008, 2008–2009) field experiment with rainfed wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) was conducted in the state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Rawalakot), Pakistan to evaluate the effects of combined use of farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM), and urea nitrogen (UN) on crop productivity, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and soil properties. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included one full N as UN, six combined treatments of UN, FYM and PM in 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 ratios and a control, applied at equivalent rate of 120 kg N ha −1 . The results showed that UN with FYM and PM decreased soil bulk density (4–11%), increased organic carbon (10–22%), total N (9–25%), available P (13–26%) and available K (13–23%) compared to the control. Combined application of UN, FYM and PM in 75:25 ratios produced comparable grain yields to UN treatment. However, total N uptake in the combined treatments was higher (83 and 89 kg ha −1 vs. 77 kg ha −1 , respectively). The NUE in UN+FYM, UN+PM (75:25 and 50:50) was 44, 49, 41, and 44%, respectively compared with NUE of 39% in UN treatment. Results of this study confirmed that UN+FYM and UN+PM in 75:25 ratios saved ≈25% (30 kg) of N fertilizer and represented a successful and sustainable management strategy for wheat production in the mountainous ecosystems.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Combined urea and manure reduced soil bulk density by 4–11% against control.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- UN with FYM and PMe0
- Outcome
- soil bulk densitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 4–11%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UN with FYM and PM decreased soil bulk density (4–11%), increased organic carbon (10–22%), total N (9–25%), available P (13–26%) and available K (13–23%) compared to the control.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined urea and manure increased soil organic carbon by 10–22%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- UN with FYM and PMe0
- Outcome
- organic carbone0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10–22%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UN with FYM and PM decreased soil bulk density (4–11%), increased organic carbon (10–22%), total N (9–25%), available P (13–26%) and available K (13–23%) compared to the control.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined urea and manure increased soil total N by 9–25%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- UN with FYM and PMe0
- Outcome
- total Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9–25%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UN with FYM and PM decreased soil bulk density (4–11%), increased organic carbon (10–22%), total N (9–25%), available P (13–26%) and available K (13–23%) compared to the control.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined urea and manure increased available P by 13–26%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- UN with FYM and PMe0
- Outcome
- available Pe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13–26%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UN with FYM and PM decreased soil bulk density (4–11%), increased organic carbon (10–22%), total N (9–25%), available P (13–26%) and available K (13–23%) compared to the control.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined urea and manure increased available K by 13–23%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- UN with FYM and PMe0
- Outcome
- available Ke0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13–23%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UN with FYM and PM decreased soil bulk density (4–11%), increased organic carbon (10–22%), total N (9–25%), available P (13–26%) and available K (13–23%) compared to the control.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and urea at 75:25 produced grain yields comparable to urea alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Combined application of UN, FYM and PM in 75:25 ratiose0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- UN treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined application of UN, FYM and PM in 75:25 ratios produced comparable grain yields to UN treatment.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Total nitrogen uptake was higher under combined treatments, 83 and 89 kg ha −1 versus 77 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total N uptakee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 83 and 89 kg ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- 77 kg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total N uptake in the combined treatments was higher (83 and 89 kg ha −1 vs. 77 kg ha −1 , respectively).”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea plus farmyard manure at 75:25 had 44% NUE versus 39% for urea.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- UN+FYMe0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Qualifier
- 39%e0
- Comparator
- UN treatmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NUE in UN+FYM, UN+PM (75:25 and 50:50) was 44, 49, 41, and 44%, respectively compared with NUE of 39% in UN treatment.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea plus poultry manure at 75:25 had 49% NUE versus 39% for urea.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- UN+PMe0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Value
- 49e0
- Qualifier
- 39%e0
- Comparator
- UN treatmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NUE in UN+FYM, UN+PM (75:25 and 50:50) was 44, 49, 41, and 44%, respectively compared with NUE of 39% in UN treatment.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea plus farmyard manure at 50:50 had 41% NUE versus 39% for urea.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- UN+FYMe0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Value
- 41e0
- Qualifier
- 39%e0
- Comparator
- UN treatmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NUE in UN+FYM, UN+PM (75:25 and 50:50) was 44, 49, 41, and 44%, respectively compared with NUE of 39% in UN treatment.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea plus poultry manure at 50:50 had 44% NUE versus 39% for urea.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- UN+PMe0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Qualifier
- 39%e0
- Comparator
- UN treatmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NUE in UN+FYM, UN+PM (75:25 and 50:50) was 44, 49, 41, and 44%, respectively compared with NUE of 39% in UN treatment.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Using manure with urea at 75:25 saved about 25% of nitrogen fertilizer.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- UN+FYM and UN+PM in 75:25 ratiose0
- Outcome
- N fertilizere0
- Direction
- savede0
- Value
- ≈25% (30 kg)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UN+FYM and UN+PM in 75:25 ratios saved ≈25% (30 kg) of N fertilizer”
t0“Wheat”
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See all 959 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.