Abstract
The recycling of livestock manure in cropping systems is considered to enhance soil fertility and crop productivity. However, there have been no systematic long-term studies of the effects of manure application on soil and crop macro- and micro-nutrients, heavy metals, and crop yields in China, despite their great importance for sustainable crop production and food safety. Thus, we conducted field experiments in a typical cereal crop production area of the North China Plain to investigate the effects of compost manure application rates on wheat yield, as well as on the macro-/micro-nutrients and heavy metals contents of soil and wheat. We found that compost application increased the soil total N and the available K, Fe, Zn, and Mn concentrations, whereas the available P in soil was not affected, and the available Cu decreased. In general, compost application had no significant effects on the grain yield, biomass, and harvest index of winter wheat. However, during 2012 and 2013, the N concentration decreased by 9% and 18% in straw, and by 16% and 12% in grain, respectively. With compost application, the straw P concentration only increased in 2012 but the grain P generally increased, while the straw K concentration tended to decrease and the grain K concentration increased in 2013. Compost application generally increased the Fe and Zn concentrations in straw and grain, whereas the Cu and Mn concentrations decreased significantly compared with the control. The heavy metal concentrations increased at some compost application rates, but they were still within the safe range. The balances of the macro-and micro-nutrients indicated that the removal of nutrients by wheat was compensated for by the addition of compost, whereas the level of N decreased without the application of compost. The daily intake levels of micronutrients via the consumption of wheat grain were still lower than the recommended levels when sheep manure compost was applied, except for that of Mn.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Compost increased soil total N and available K, Fe, Zn and Mn.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- compost applicatione1
- Outcome
- soil total N and the available K, Fe, Zn, and Mn concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleComparatorSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost application increased the soil total N and the available K, Fe, Zn, and Mn concentrations”
t0“Wheat Yield”
e1“With compost application, the straw P concentration only increased in 2012”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost did not affect available soil P.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- compost applicatione1
- Outcome
- available P in soile0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleComparatorSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the available P in soil was not affected”
t0“Wheat Yield”
e1“With compost application, the straw P concentration only increased in 2012”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost decreased available soil Cu.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- compost applicatione1
- Outcome
- available Cue0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleComparatorSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the available Cu decreased”
t0“Wheat Yield”
e1“With compost application, the straw P concentration only increased in 2012”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost did not significantly affect wheat grain yield, biomass or harvest index.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- compost applicatione1
- Outcome
- grain yield, biomass, and harvest indexe0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleComparatorSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost application had no significant effects on the grain yield, biomass, and harvest index of winter wheat”
e1“With compost application, the straw P concentration only increased in 2012”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw N concentration decreased by 9% in 2012.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- strawe0
- Outcome
- N concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Qualifier
- 2012e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleTreatmentComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during 2012 and 2013, the N concentration decreased by 9% and 18% in straw”
t0“Wheat Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw N concentration decreased by 18% in 2013.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- strawe0
- Outcome
- N concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Qualifier
- 2013e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleTreatmentComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during 2012 and 2013, the N concentration decreased by 9% and 18% in straw”
t0“Wheat Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain N concentration decreased by 16% in 2012.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine0
- Outcome
- N concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Qualifier
- 2012e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleTreatmentComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during 2012 and 2013, the N concentration decreased by 9% and 18% in straw, and by 16% and 12% in grain, respectively”
t0“Wheat Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain N concentration decreased by 12% in 2013.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine0
- Outcome
- N concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Qualifier
- 2013e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleTreatmentComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during 2012 and 2013, the N concentration decreased by 9% and 18% in straw, and by 16% and 12% in grain, respectively”
t0“Wheat Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost increased straw P concentration only in 2012.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- compost applicatione1
- Outcome
- straw P concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 2012e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleComparatorSettingValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With compost application, the straw P concentration only increased in 2012”
t0“Wheat Yield”
e1“With compost application, the straw P concentration only increased in 2012”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost generally increased grain P concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- compost applicatione1
- Outcome
- grain Pe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleComparatorSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the grain P generally increased”
t0“Wheat Yield”
e1“With compost application, the straw P concentration only increased in 2012”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost tended to decrease straw K concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- compost applicatione1
- Outcome
- straw K concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleComparatorSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the straw K concentration tended to decrease”
t0“Wheat Yield”
e1“With compost application, the straw P concentration only increased in 2012”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost increased grain K concentration in 2013.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- compost applicatione1
- Outcome
- grain K concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 2013e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleComparatorSettingValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the grain K concentration increased in 2013”
t0“Wheat Yield”
e1“With compost application, the straw P concentration only increased in 2012”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost generally increased Fe and Zn concentrations in straw and grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Compost applicatione1
- Outcome
- Fe and Zn concentrations in straw and graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleComparatorSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compost application generally increased the Fe and Zn concentrations in straw and grain”
t0“Wheat Yield”
e1“Compost application generally increased the Fe and Zn concentrations in straw and grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost significantly decreased Cu and Mn concentrations relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Compost applicatione1
- Outcome
- Cu and Mn concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Cu and Mn concentrations decreased significantly compared with the control”
t0“Wheat Yield”
e1“Compost application generally increased the Fe and Zn concentrations in straw and grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metal concentrations increased at some compost rates but remained within the safe range.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- compost application ratese0
- Outcome
- heavy metal concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- within the safe rangee0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleComparatorSettingValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The heavy metal concentrations increased at some compost application rates, but they were still within the safe range”
t0“Wheat Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost addition compensated for nutrient removal by wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- addition of composte0
- Outcome
- removal of nutrientse0
- Direction
- compensatede0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleComparatorSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“removal of nutrients by wheat was compensated for by the addition of compost”
t0“Wheat Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Without compost, the N level decreased.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- without the application of composte0
- Outcome
- level of Ne0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleComparatorSettingValueQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the level of N decreased without the application of compost”
t0“Wheat Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Under sheep manure compost, wheat grain micronutrient intake was below recommendations except Mn.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sheep manure composte0
- Outcome
- daily intake levels of micronutrientse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- except for that of Mne0
- Comparator
- recommended levelse0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleSecond interactorSecond interactor roleSettingValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The daily intake levels of micronutrients via the consumption of wheat grain were still lower than the recommended levels when sheep manure compost was applied, except for that of Mn”
t0“Wheat Yield”
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