Abstract
Abstract Manipulation of organic wastes and their composts as a source of organic matter (OM) and nutrients is imperative for sustainable agriculture. Further, the fortification of composts with chemical fertilizer enhances agronomic effectiveness of both by reducing the amount of fertilizer and improving the quality of compost. The present study aimed to explore the potential of organic and chemical nutrient sources with their optimal application and integration for sustainable wheat production. Accordingly, waste fruits and vegetables were collected, dried, ground and processed in a composting vessel. During the enriched composting, waste material (300 kg) was fortified with 30 kg N, i.e. 25% of the standard rate (120 kg N ha −1 ) of N fertilizer. Treatments for both greenhouse and field experiments using wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) included: control (without any compost or N fertilizer), compost (non-enriched), fertilizer N 120 (120 kg N ha −1 ), nitrogen-enriched compost (NEC), NEC+N 30 (30 kg N ha −1 ) and NEC+N 60 (60 kg N ha −1 ). Application rate of composts (non-enriched or enriched) was 300 kg ha −1 in the respective treatments. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied at 90 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1 and 60 kg K 2 O ha −1 , respectively in all treatments. The crop was grown to maturity, and data on wheat growth and yield attributes were recorded. Application of NEC significantly improved the growth, yield and N, P and K contents of wheat compared with compost and control treatments. The performance of NEC+N 60 was statistically similar to that of fertilizer N 120. Economic analysis also revealed the superiority of NEC+N 60 over other treatments in terms of net return and relative increase in income; however, the value/cost ratio was highest with NEC alone. For effective and economical use of N fertilizer, it is suggested to integrate N fertilizer at reduced rates with NEC. Through enriched compost, application rates can be decreased from tonnes to kilograms per hectare, and dependence on chemical fertilizer can be reduced to a certain extent. So the approach is farmer friendly as it lowers compost application rates, and is economically acceptable as it saves N fertilizer. It is also environmentally sustainable due the recycling of organic waste and possible reduction of N losses to the environment. Thus, the study has wide application in the global environment and fertilizer market.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-enriched compost improved wheat growth and yield compared with compost and control.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- NECe0
- Outcome
- growth, yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- compost and control treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of NEC significantly improved the growth, yield and N, P and K contents of wheat compared with compost and control treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-enriched compost improved wheat N, P and K contents compared with compost and control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NECe0
- Outcome
- N, P and K contentse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- compost and control treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of NEC significantly improved the growth, yield and N, P and K contents of wheat compared with compost and control treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
NEC+N 60 performed similarly to fertilizer N 120.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NEC+N 60e0
- Outcome
- performancee0
- Direction
- statistically similare0
- Comparator
- fertilizer N 120e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The performance of NEC+N 60 was statistically similar to that of fertilizer N 120.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NEC+N 60 had superior net return and relative increase in income over other treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NEC+N 60e0
- Outcome
- net return and relative increase in incomee0
- Direction
- superioritye0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Economic analysis also revealed the superiority of NEC+N 60 over other treatments in terms of net return and relative increase in income; however, the value/cost ratio was highest with NEC alone.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NEC alone had the highest value/cost ratio.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NEC alonee0
- Outcome
- value/cost ratioe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the value/cost ratio was highest with NEC alone”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest integrating reduced nitrogen fertilizer rates with enriched compost for effective and economical fertilizer use.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- integrate N fertilizer at reduced rates with NECe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For effective and economical use of N fertilizer, it is suggested to integrate N fertilizer at reduced rates with NEC.”
t0“wheat”
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