Abstract
Effects of Cd and Pb toxicity were investigated in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) grown in hydroponics under growth-chamber-controlled conditions. Chemical speciation calculations were used to estimate the chemical species in equilibrium. Cd, used as chloride salt or chelated to EDTA, decreased fresh and dry mass of both root and shoot, and increased root / shoot ratios. Plants developed few brownish roots with short laterals. Cd decreased N, P, Mg, K, Mn, Cu and Zn uptake, and facilitated Ca uptake. Leaves of plants treated with 10 or 50 μM Cd-EDTA and 10 μM CdCl2 developed symptoms of Fe deficiency. These symptoms included decreased leaf chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid concentrations, increased carotenoid / Chl and Chl a/b ratios, de-epoxidation of violaxanthin cycle pigments, and decreased photosynthetic rates and PSII efficiency. Plants treated with 50 μM CdCl2, however, had decreased growth but did not show marked leaf Fe-deficiency symptoms. All Cd treatments increased Fe(III)-chelate reductase activity in root tips, although Fe concentrations in shoots were similar to those found in control plants. Pb chelated with EDTA induced visual symptoms only at concentrations of 2 mM. Leaves of Pb-treated plants remained green and their edges were rolled inwards. Pb increased root fresh and dry mass with no changes in shoot mass, therefore increasing the root / shoot ratio. Changes in plant nutrient concentrations with Pb were only minor, although leaf Cu levels approached critical deficiency levels. No symptoms of Fe deficiency were apparent in leaves. Root tips of Pb-treated plants, however, had increased Fe(III)-chelate reductase activities.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Cd reduced fresh and dry root and shoot mass.
- Taxon
- sugar beet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0 - Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry mass of both root and shoote0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd, used as chloride salt or chelated to EDTA, decreased fresh and dry mass of both root and shoot”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd increased root to shoot ratios.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- root / shoot ratiose0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd, used as chloride salt or chelated to EDTA, decreased fresh and dry mass of both root and shoot, and increased root / shoot ratios”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd-treated plants developed few brownish roots with short laterals.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Outcome
- few brownish roots with short lateralse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants developed few brownish roots with short laterals”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd decreased N, P and Mg uptake.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- N, P, Mge0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd decreased N, P, Mg, K, Mn, Cu and Zn uptake”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd decreased K, Mn, Cu and Zn uptake.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- K, Mn, Cu and Zn uptakee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd decreased N, P, Mg, K, Mn, Cu and Zn uptake”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd facilitated Ca uptake.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cdt1
- Outcome
- Ca uptakee0
- Direction
- facilitatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“facilitated Ca uptake”
t0“Effects of Cd and Pb in sugar beet”
t1“Effects of Cd and Pb in sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Several Cd treatments produced leaf Fe-deficiency symptoms.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 10 or 50 μM Cd-EDTA and 10 μM CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- symptoms of Fe deficiencye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaves of plants treated with 10 or 50 μM Cd-EDTA and 10 μM CdCl2 developed symptoms of Fe deficiency”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd-associated Fe deficiency lowered leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cdt1
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased leaf chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid concentrations”
t0“Effects of Cd and Pb in sugar beet”
t1“Effects of Cd and Pb in sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd-associated Fe deficiency raised carotenoid to chlorophyll and chlorophyll a/b ratios.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cdt1
- Outcome
- carotenoid / Chl and Chl a/b ratiose0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased carotenoid / Chl and Chl a/b ratios”
t0“Effects of Cd and Pb in sugar beet”
t1“Effects of Cd and Pb in sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd-associated Fe deficiency caused de-epoxidation of violaxanthin cycle pigments.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Outcome
- de-epoxidation of violaxanthin cycle pigmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“de-epoxidation of violaxanthin cycle pigments”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd-associated Fe deficiency reduced photosynthetic rates and PSII efficiency.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cdt1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rates and PSII efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased photosynthetic rates and PSII efficiency”
t0“Effects of Cd and Pb in sugar beet”
t1“Effects of Cd and Pb in sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
At 50 μM CdCl2 growth decreased without marked Fe-deficiency symptoms.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 50 μM CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants treated with 50 μM CdCl2, however, had decreased growth but did not show marked leaf Fe-deficiency symptoms”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd treatments increased root-tip Fe(III)-chelate reductase activity.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Organ / stage
- root tipse0
- Treatment
- Cd treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Fe(III)-chelate reductase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All Cd treatments increased Fe(III)-chelate reductase activity in root tips”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd treatment left shoot iron concentrations similar to controls.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cdt1
- Outcome
- Fe concentrations in shootse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe concentrations in shoots were similar to those found in control plants”
t0“Effects of Cd and Pb in sugar beet”
t1“Effects of Cd and Pb in sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb-EDTA induced visible symptoms only at 2 mM.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Pb chelated with EDTAe0
- Outcome
- visual symptomse0
- Value
- 2 mMe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb chelated with EDTA induced visual symptoms only at concentrations of 2 mM”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb-treated leaves remained green and had inward-rolled edges.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Outcome
- remained green and their edges were rolled inwardse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaves of Pb-treated plants remained green and their edges were rolled inwards”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb increased root fresh and dry mass.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Pbe0
- Outcome
- root fresh and dry masse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb increased root fresh and dry mass with no changes in shoot mass”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb did not change shoot mass.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Pbt1
- Outcome
- shoot masse0
- Direction
- no changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no changes in shoot mass”
t0“Effects of Cd and Pb in sugar beet”
t1“Effects of Cd and Pb in sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb increased root to shoot ratio.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Pbt1
- Outcome
- root / shoot ratioe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“therefore increasing the root / shoot ratio”
t0“Effects of Cd and Pb in sugar beet”
t1“Effects of Cd and Pb in sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb caused minor nutrient changes, near-critical leaf Cu, no leaf Fe-deficiency signs, and increased root-tip reductase.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Outcome
- Fe(III)-chelate reductase activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Changes in plant nutrient concentrations with Pb were only minor, although leaf Cu levels approached critical deficiency levels. No symptoms of Fe deficiency were apparent in leaves. Root tips of Pb-treated plants, however, had increased Fe(III)-chelate reductase activities”
t0“sugar beet”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · nutrient: content · Beta vulgaris (beet)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
cadmium atom · physiology: pigments · Beta vulgaris (beet)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
cadmium atom · physiology: photosynthesis · Beta vulgaris (beet)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- no effect
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →cadmium atom · growth · Beta vulgaris (beet)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.