Abstract
Nitrogen and water are important variables that influence both grain yield and quality of wheat. The present study was conducted to investigate the combined effects of N and water on the growth, water use, yield and grain protein concentration of stubbled-in winter wheat produced in Saskatchewan. Seven field experiments were conducted between 1984 and 1986 on a range of soil types. Irrigation to approximately 150% of normal growing season precipitation significantly increased grain yield in five of the seven trials. A significant water × N interaction was recorded for grain yield in the remaining two trials. Grain yield response to irrigation averaged 10.9 kg ha −1 mm −1 at total available N levels above 140 kg ha −1 . In trials where residual soil NO 3 –N to 61 cm averaged 40 kg ha −1 , 62% of the grain yield increase was due to fertilizer N while 38% of the grain yield increase was due to the interaction between water and fertilizer N. Increases in grain yields due to N and water were attributed to increased levels of pre-anthesis dry matter, a higher number of kernels per square meter and an improved water use efficiency (kg ha −1 grain mm −1 total crop water use). The semidwarf cultivar Norwin and the tall cultivar Norstar responded similarly to N fertilization. In one trial, where moisture conditions were very favorable, a water × cultivar interaction indicated a greater response of Norwin to irrigation. The Gompertz equation was used to describe grain protein concentration-N response. The coefficient that describes the initial lag phase of this function was correlated with dry matter at anthesis (r = 0.97**) and root zone extractable water at stem elongation (r = 0.85**). These observations demonstrate that as pre-anthesis growing conditions improve more N is required to produce an increase in grain protein concentration above a minimum 8.2%.Key words: Wheat (winter), water use, nitrogen
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation significantly increased grain yield in five of seven trials.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Irrigation to approximately 150% of normal growing season precipitatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation to approximately 150% of normal growing season precipitation significantly increased grain yield in five of the seven trials”
t0“WINTER WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Water and nitrogen interacted significantly for grain yield in two trials.
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- water × Ne0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant water × N interaction was recorded for grain yield in the remaining two trials”
t0“WINTER WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Above 140 kg ha −1 available nitrogen, yield response to irrigation averaged 10.9 kg ha −1 mm −1.
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- Grain yield responsee0
- Direction
- responsee0
- Value
- 10.9 kg ha −1 mm −1e0
- Qualifier
- total available N levels above 140 kg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield response to irrigation averaged 10.9 kg ha −1 mm −1 at total available N levels above 140 kg ha −1”
t0“WINTER WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer nitrogen accounted for 62% of the yield increase in trials with 40 kg ha −1 residual soil nitrogen.
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilizer Ne0
- Outcome
- grain yield increasee0
- Value
- 62%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“62% of the grain yield increase was due to fertilizer N”
t0“WINTER WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
The interaction between water and fertilizer nitrogen accounted for 38% of the yield increase.
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- water and fertilizer Ne0
- Outcome
- grain yield increasee0
- Value
- 38%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“38% of the grain yield increase was due to the interaction between water and fertilizer N”
t0“WINTER WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen and water yield increases were attributed to greater pre-anthesis dry matter, kernel number and water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N and watere0
- Outcome
- Increases in grain yieldse0
- Qualifier
- increased levels of pre-anthesis dry matter, a higher number of kernels per square meter and an improved water use efficiencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increases in grain yields due to N and water were attributed to increased levels of pre-anthesis dry matter, a higher number of kernels per square meter and an improved water use efficiency”
t0“WINTER WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Norwin and Norstar responded similarly to nitrogen fertilization.
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Norwine0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- responded similarlye0
- Direction
- similarlye0
- Comparator
- Norstare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The semidwarf cultivar Norwin and the tall cultivar Norstar responded similarly to N fertilization”
t0“WINTER WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Norwin responded more to irrigation than Norstar in a favorable-moisture trial.
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Norwine0
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- responsee0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a water × cultivar interaction indicated a greater response of Norwin to irrigation”
t0“WINTER WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
The initial-lag coefficient correlated with dry matter at anthesis.
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- anthesise0
- Outcome
- dry matter at anthesise0
- Value
- r = 0.97**e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The coefficient that describes the initial lag phase of this function was correlated with dry matter at anthesis (r = 0.97**)”
t0“WINTER WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
The initial-lag coefficient correlated with root-zone water at stem elongation.
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- stem elongatione0
- Outcome
- root zone extractable water at stem elongatione0
- Value
- r = 0.85**e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The coefficient that describes the initial lag phase of this function was correlated with dry matter at anthesis (r = 0.97**) and root zone extractable water at stem elongation (r = 0.85**)”
t0“WINTER WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved pre-anthesis growing conditions required more nitrogen to raise grain protein above 8.2%.
- Taxon
- WINTER WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- pre-anthesis growing conditionse0
- Outcome
- grain protein concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 8.2%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as pre-anthesis growing conditions improve more N is required to produce an increase in grain protein concentration above a minimum 8.2%”
t0“WINTER WHEAT”
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