Abstract
Enhanced resistance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Ingrid) against barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei race A6) was induced by abiotic stress in a concentration-dependent manner. The papilla-mediated resistance was not only induced by osmotic stress, but also by proton stress. Resistance was directly correlated with increasing concentrations of various salts in the nutrient solution. Resistance induced by proton stress also depended on the stress intensity. Resistance induction occurred even at low stress intensities. Any specific ion toxicity affecting the fungal growth directly, and therefore leading to enhanced pathogen resistance, can be excluded because of the independence of resistance induction of the ion used and of the time course of sodium accumulation in the leaves. BCI-4, a marker for benzo[1,2,3]thiadiazolecarbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH)-induced resistance was not induced by these abiotic stresses. However, resistance was induced in the same concentration-dependent manner by the application of the stress hormone ABA to the root medium. During the relief of water stress, resistance did not decrease constantly. On the contrary, after a phase of decreasing resistance for 24 h the pathogen resistance increased again for 48 h before decreasing finally to control levels.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Abiotic stress increased barley resistance to powdery mildew in a concentration-dependent way.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Material
- cv. Ingride0
- Treatment
- abiotic stresse0
- Interactor
- Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei race A6Blumeria hordeie0pathogen
- Outcome
- barley powdery mildewe0
- Direction
- Enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Enhanced resistance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Ingrid) against barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei race A6) was induced by abiotic stress in a concentration-dependent manner”
Claim · model-written summary
Osmotic stress induced papilla-mediated resistance.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- osmotic stresse0
- Outcome
- papilla-mediated resistancee0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Barley”
e0“The papilla-mediated resistance was not only induced by osmotic stress, but also by proton stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Proton stress induced papilla-mediated resistance.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- proton stresse0
- Outcome
- papilla-mediated resistancee0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Barley”
e0“The papilla-mediated resistance was not only induced by osmotic stress, but also by proton stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance correlated directly with salt concentration.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- various saltse0
- Outcome
- Resistancee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Barley”
e0“Resistance was directly correlated with increasing concentrations of various salts in the nutrient solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance from proton stress depended on stress intensity, including low intensities.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- proton stresse0
- Outcome
- Resistance inductione0
- Qualifier
- even at low stress intensitiese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Barley”
e0“Resistance induced by proton stress also depended on the stress intensity. Resistance induction occurred even at low stress intensities”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors excluded direct fungal ion toxicity as the explanation for resistance.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- enhanced pathogen resistancee0
- Qualifier
- specific ion toxicity affecting the fungal growth directlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Barley”
e0“Any specific ion toxicity affecting the fungal growth directly, and therefore leading to enhanced pathogen resistance, can be excluded because of the independence of resistance induction of the ion used and of the time course of sodium accumulation in the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Abiotic stresses did not induce BCI-4.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- these abiotic stressese0
- Gene
- BCI-4e0
- Outcome
- BCI-4e0
- Direction
- not inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Barley”
e0“BCI-4, a marker for benzo[1,2,3]thiadiazolecarbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH)-induced resistance was not induced by these abiotic stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA applied to roots induced resistance in a concentration-dependent manner.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- application of the stress hormone ABA to the root mediume0
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Barley”
e0“resistance was induced in the same concentration-dependent manner by the application of the stress hormone ABA to the root medium”
Claim · model-written summary
After water stress relief, resistance declined for 24 hours, rose for 48 hours, then returned to control levels.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- pathogen resistancee0
- Direction
- increased againe0
- Qualifier
- for 48 h before decreasing finally to control levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Barley”
e0“after a phase of decreasing resistance for 24 h the pathogen resistance increased again for 48 h before decreasing finally to control levels”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.