Abstract
Photosynthetic activity decreases when plants are grown under saline conditions leading to reduced growth and productivity. Leaf growth, gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence of two sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] varieties, Serena and Seredo, were measured in response to increasing NaCl concentration. Sorghum plants were grown in sand culture under controlled greenhouse conditions. The NaCl concentrations in complete nutrient solution were 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 m M Salinity significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) reduced leaf area by about 86% for both varieties of sorghum. Chlorophyll a and b, net CO 2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate decreased significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) with the increase in salinity, and these decreases were similar for the two sorghum varieties. Salt induced decreases for these physiological traits ranged from 75 to 94%. Photochemical efficiency of PSII (F v /F m ) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) decreased by about 9 and 10%, respectively, for both varieties, and electron transport rate (ETR) decreased by 20 and 25% for Serena and Seredo. In contrast, non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) increased by 44 and 50% for Serena and Seredo. The results indicate that salinity affected photosynthesis per unit leaf area indirectly through stomatal closure, and to a smaller extent through direct interference with the photosynthetic apparatus. In addition, salinity decreases whole plant photosynthesis by restricting leaf area expansion. This effect starts from low levels of salinity, in contrast to that of net photosynthesis per unit leaf area, which occurs at higher levels of NaCl concentration.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced sorghum leaf area about 86% in both varieties.
SorghumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) reduced leaf area by about 86% for both varieties of sorghum.”
e1“Salinity significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) reduced leaf area by about 86% for both varieties of sorghum.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity significantly decreased chlorophyll a and b.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll a and b, net CO 2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate decreased significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) with the increase in salinity”
e1“Salinity significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) reduced leaf area by about 86% for both varieties of sorghum.”
t0“Sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity significantly decreased net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance and transpiration.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll a and b, net CO 2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate decreased significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) with the increase in salinity”
e1“Salinity significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) reduced leaf area by about 86% for both varieties of sorghum.”
t0“Sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Physiological trait decreases ranged from 75 to 94% and were similar in both varieties.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these decreases were similar for the two sorghum varieties. Salt induced decreases for these physiological traits ranged from 75 to 94%.”
e1“Salinity significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) reduced leaf area by about 86% for both varieties of sorghum.”
Claim · model-written summary
PSII photochemical efficiency decreased about 9%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photochemical efficiency of PSII (F v /F m ) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) decreased by about 9 and 10%, respectively, for both varieties”
e1“Salinity significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) reduced leaf area by about 86% for both varieties of sorghum.”
t0“Sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Photochemical quenching decreased about 10%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photochemical efficiency of PSII (F v /F m ) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) decreased by about 9 and 10%, respectively, for both varieties”
e1“Salinity significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) reduced leaf area by about 86% for both varieties of sorghum.”
t0“Sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Electron transport rate decreased 20% in Serena.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“electron transport rate (ETR) decreased by 20 and 25% for Serena and Seredo.”
e1“Salinity significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) reduced leaf area by about 86% for both varieties of sorghum.”
t0“Sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Electron transport rate decreased 25% in Seredo.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“electron transport rate (ETR) decreased by 20 and 25% for Serena and Seredo.”
e1“Salinity significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) reduced leaf area by about 86% for both varieties of sorghum.”
t0“Sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonphotochemical quenching increased 44% in Serena.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) increased by 44 and 50% for Serena and Seredo.”
e1“Salinity significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) reduced leaf area by about 86% for both varieties of sorghum.”
t0“Sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonphotochemical quenching increased 50% in Seredo.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) increased by 44 and 50% for Serena and Seredo.”
e1“Salinity significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) reduced leaf area by about 86% for both varieties of sorghum.”
t0“Sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity affected photosynthesis mainly through stomatal closure and partly through direct interference with photosynthetic apparatus.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity affected photosynthesis per unit leaf area indirectly through stomatal closure, and to a smaller extent through direct interference with the photosynthetic apparatus.”
e1“Salinity significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) reduced leaf area by about 86% for both varieties of sorghum.”
t0“Sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced whole-plant photosynthesis by restricting leaf-area expansion.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity decreases whole plant photosynthesis by restricting leaf area expansion.”
e1“Salinity significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) reduced leaf area by about 86% for both varieties of sorghum.”
t0“Sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole-plant photosynthetic effects began at lower salinity than per-area photosynthetic effects.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This effect starts from low levels of salinity, in contrast to that of net photosynthesis per unit leaf area, which occurs at higher levels of NaCl concentration.”
e1“Salinity significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) reduced leaf area by about 86% for both varieties of sorghum.”
t0“Sorghum”
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