Abstract
ABSTRACT During 2006 and 2007, fruit thinning effects of three plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPB) strains (Bacillus OSU-142, Microbacterium R23 and Bacillus T7) and NAA (10 and 20 ppm) were tested in apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn in terms of fruit setting, yield, fruit weight, fruit firmness, total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity and shoot length in the province of Konya, Turkey. Bacterial strains were sprayed at 7, 14 and 21 days after full bloom, and NAA was sprayed at 21 days after full bloom. The results showed that NAA and bacterial treatments decreased fruit setting and number of fruit per tree at various ratios in both cultivars. The lowest fruit setting cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn were obtained from 20 ppm NAA treatment in both years. Among the bacterial treatments R23 (24.1% in 2006 and 39.1% in 2007) in Golden Delicious and R23 (11.6% in 2006) and T7 (17.3% in 2007) in Braeburn gave the lowest fruit setting ratio while fruit setting ratio in Golden Delicious and Braeburn were 36.7 and 46.2% (2006) and 12.8 and 28.2% (2007) in the control, respectively. The highest fruit number was found from the control in both cultivars and years. Fruit yield was significantly decreased in Golden Delicious by NAA treatments but not affected in Braeburn by thinning. The highest yield was found from the control in cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn in both years. However, fruit weight was significantly increased by NAA and bacterial treatments. While the lowest fruit weight was in the control in both cultivars and years, the highest fruit weight was in R23 in Golden Delicious (164.6 g in 2006) and T7 (138.7 g in 2006) and OSU-142 (173.5 g in 2007) treatments in Braeburn. Treatments of R23 and T7 significantly increased fruit firmness in Golden Delicious and Braeburn in both years, respectively compared with the control. NAA and bacterial applications also significantly increased TSS in Braeburn but not Golden Delicious. The results of this study suggest that Bacillus OSU-142, Microbacterium R23 and Bacillus T7 have the potential to be used as fruit thinning agents under organic and sustainable growing conditions on apple.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
NAA decreased apple fruit set and fruit number.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- NAAe0
- Outcome
- fruit setting and number of fruit per treee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NAA and bacterial treatments decreased fruit setting and number of fruit per tree at various ratios in both cultivars.”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial treatments decreased apple fruit set and fruit number.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- bacterial treatmentse0
- Outcome
- fruit setting and number of fruit per treee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NAA and bacterial treatments decreased fruit setting and number of fruit per tree at various ratios in both cultivars.”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
20 ppm NAA gave the lowest fruit setting in both cultivars and years.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 20 ppm NAA treatmente0
- Outcome
- fruit settinge0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest fruit setting cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn were obtained from 20 ppm NAA treatment in both years.”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
R23 gave the lowest Golden Delicious fruit set among bacterial treatments in 2006 and 2007.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse0
- Treatment
- R23e0
- Outcome
- lowest fruit setting ratioe1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- 24.1% in 2006 and 39.1% in 2007e0
- Comparator
- bacterial treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the bacterial treatments R23 (24.1% in 2006 and 39.1% in 2007) in Golden Delicious”
e1“gave the lowest fruit setting ratio”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
R23 gave the lowest Braeburn fruit set among bacterial treatments in 2006.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Braeburne0
- Treatment
- R23e0
- Outcome
- fruit setting ratioe0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 11.6% in 2006e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“R23 (11.6% in 2006) and T7 (17.3% in 2007) in Braeburn gave the lowest fruit setting ratio”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 gave the lowest Braeburn fruit set among bacterial treatments in 2007.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Braeburne0
- Treatment
- T7e0
- Outcome
- fruit setting ratioe0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 17.3% in 2007e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“R23 (11.6% in 2006) and T7 (17.3% in 2007) in Braeburn gave the lowest fruit setting ratio”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
Control trees had the highest fruit number in both cultivars and years.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- fruit numbere0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest fruit number was found from the control in both cultivars and years.”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA significantly decreased Golden Delicious fruit yield.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse0
- Treatment
- NAA treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Fruit yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit yield was significantly decreased in Golden Delicious by NAA treatments”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
Thinning did not affect Braeburn fruit yield.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Braeburne0
- Treatment
- thinninge0
- Outcome
- Fruit yielde1
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not affected in Braeburn by thinning.”
e1“Fruit yield was significantly decreased”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
Control trees had the highest yield in both cultivars in both years.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest yield was found from the control in cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn in both years.”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA significantly increased apple fruit weight.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NAAe0
- Outcome
- fruit weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit weight was significantly increased by NAA and bacterial treatments.”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial treatments significantly increased apple fruit weight.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- bacterial treatmentse0
- Outcome
- fruit weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit weight was significantly increased by NAA and bacterial treatments.”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
R23 produced the highest Golden Delicious fruit weight in 2006, 164.6 g.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse0
- Treatment
- R23e0
- Outcome
- fruit weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 164.6 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest fruit weight was in R23 in Golden Delicious (164.6 g in 2006)”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 produced the highest Braeburn fruit weight in 2006, 138.7 g.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Braeburne0
- Treatment
- T7e0
- Outcome
- fruit weighte1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 138.7 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T7 (138.7 g in 2006) and OSU-142 (173.5 g in 2007) treatments in Braeburn.”
e1“the highest fruit weight was in R23”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
OSU-142 produced the highest Braeburn fruit weight in 2007, 173.5 g.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Braeburne0
- Treatment
- OSU-142e0
- Outcome
- fruit weighte1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 173.5 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T7 (138.7 g in 2006) and OSU-142 (173.5 g in 2007) treatments in Braeburn.”
e1“the highest fruit weight was in R23”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
R23 significantly increased Golden Delicious fruit firmness against control in both years.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse0
- Treatment
- R23e0
- Outcome
- fruit firmnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments of R23 and T7 significantly increased fruit firmness in Golden Delicious and Braeburn in both years, respectively compared with the control.”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 significantly increased Braeburn fruit firmness against control in both years.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Braeburne0
- Treatment
- T7e0
- Outcome
- fruit firmnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments of R23 and T7 significantly increased fruit firmness in Golden Delicious and Braeburn in both years, respectively compared with the control.”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA significantly increased Braeburn total soluble solids.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NAA and bacterial applications also significantly increased TSS in Braeburn but not Golden Delicious.”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial treatments significantly increased Braeburn total soluble solids.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Braeburne0
- Treatment
- bacterial applicationse0
- Outcome
- TSSe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NAA and bacterial applications also significantly increased TSS in Braeburn but not Golden Delicious.”
t0“Apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Braeburn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest the three bacterial strains as apple fruit thinning agents in organic and sustainable production.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- Bacillus OSU-142e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- fruit thinning agents under organic and sustainable growing conditionse0
- Qualifier
- Microbacterium R23 and Bacillus T7e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus OSU-142, Microbacterium R23 and Bacillus T7 have the potential to be used as fruit thinning agents under organic and sustainable growing conditions on apple.”
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