Abstract
Abstract A typical symptom of iron (Fe) deficiency in plants is yellowing or chlorosis of leaves. Heavy metal toxicity, including that of zinc (Zn), is often also expressed by chlorosis and may be called Fe chlorosis. Iron deficiency and Zn toxicity were evaluated in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) at two levels each of Zn (0.8 and 40 μM), Fe (0 and 20 μM), and sulfur (S) (0.02 and 20 mM). Reduction in dry matter yield and leaf chlorosis were observed in plants grown under the high level of Zn (toxic level), as well as in the absence of Fe. Zinc toxicity, lack of Fe, and the combination of these conditions reduced dry matter yield to the same extent when compared to the yield of the control plants. The symptoms of Zn toxicity were chlorosis in the trifoliate leaves and a lack of change in the orientation of unifoliate leaves when exposed to light. The main symptoms of Fe deficiency were chlorosis in the whole shoot and brown spots and flaccid areas in the leaves. The latter symptom did not appear in plants grown with Fe but under Zn toxicity. It seems that Fe deficiency is a major factor impairing the growth of plants exposed to high levels of Zn. Under Zn toxicity, Fe and Zn translocation from roots to shoots increased as the S supply to the plants was increased.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
High zinc reduced soybean dry matter yield.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- high level of Zn (toxic level)e0
- Outcome
- dry matter yielde0
- Direction
- Reductione0
- Comparator
- control plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction in dry matter yield and leaf chlorosis were observed in plants grown under the high level of Zn (toxic level)”
e1“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
e2“when compared to the yield of the control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
High zinc produced soybean leaf chlorosis.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- high level of Zn (toxic level)e0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorosise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction in dry matter yield and leaf chlorosis were observed in plants grown under the high level of Zn (toxic level)”
e1“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Absence of iron reduced soybean dry matter yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- absence of Fee0
- Outcome
- dry matter yielde0
- Direction
- Reductione0
- Comparator
- control plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction in dry matter yield and leaf chlorosis were observed in plants grown under the high level of Zn (toxic level), as well as in the absence of Fe”
e1“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
e2“when compared to the yield of the control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Absence of iron produced soybean leaf chlorosis.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- absence of Fee0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorosise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction in dry matter yield and leaf chlorosis were observed in plants grown under the high level of Zn (toxic level), as well as in the absence of Fe”
e1“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined zinc toxicity and iron deficiency reduced soybean dry matter yield to the same extent as each alone.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- combination of these conditionse0
- Outcome
- dry matter yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinc toxicity, lack of Fe, and the combination of these conditions reduced dry matter yield to the same extent when compared to the yield of the control plants”
e1“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc toxicity caused chlorosis in trifoliate soybean leaves.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- trifoliate leavese0
- Outcome
- chlorosis in the trifoliate leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The symptoms of Zn toxicity were chlorosis in the trifoliate leaves and a lack of change in the orientation of unifoliate leaves when exposed to light”
e1“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under zinc toxicity, unifoliate soybean leaves lacked orientation change in light.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- unifoliate leavese0
- Outcome
- lack of change in the orientation of unifoliate leaves when exposed to lighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The symptoms of Zn toxicity were chlorosis in the trifoliate leaves and a lack of change in the orientation of unifoliate leaves when exposed to light”
e1“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron deficiency caused chlorosis across the entire soybean shoot.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- whole shoote0
- Outcome
- chlorosis in the whole shoote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The main symptoms of Fe deficiency were chlorosis in the whole shoot and brown spots and flaccid areas in the leaves”
e1“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron deficiency caused brown spots and flaccid leaf areas in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- brown spots and flaccid areas in the leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The main symptoms of Fe deficiency were chlorosis in the whole shoot and brown spots and flaccid areas in the leaves”
e1“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Brown spots and flaccid areas did not appear with zinc toxicity when iron was present.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Outcome
- did not appeare0
- Qualifier
- plants grown with Fe but under Zn toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The latter symptom did not appear in plants grown with Fe but under Zn toxicity”
e1“brown spots and flaccid areas in the leaves”
e2“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors inferred iron deficiency was a major factor in impaired growth under high zinc.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- impairing the growthe0
- Qualifier
- Fe deficiency is a major factore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It seems that Fe deficiency is a major factor impairing the growth of plants exposed to high levels of Zn”
e1“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under zinc toxicity, increasing sulfur supply increased iron translocation from roots to shoots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- S supplye0
- Outcome
- Fe and Zn translocation from roots to shootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under Zn toxicity, Fe and Zn translocation from roots to shoots increased as the S supply to the plants was increased”
e1“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under zinc toxicity, increasing sulfur supply increased zinc translocation from roots to shoots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- S supplye0
- Outcome
- Zn translocation from roots to shootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under Zn toxicity, Fe and Zn translocation from roots to shoots increased as the S supply to the plants was increased”
e1“soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)”
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