Abstract
Despite the rhizotoxicity of aluminum (Al) being identified over 100 years ago, there is still no consensus regarding the mechanisms whereby root elongation rate is initially reduced in the approximately 40% of arable soils worldwide that are acidic. We used high-resolution kinematic analyses, molecular biology, rheology, and advanced imaging techniques to examine soybean (Glycine max) roots exposed to Al. Using this multidisciplinary approach, we have conclusively shown that the primary lesion of Al is apoplastic. In particular, it was found that 75 µm Al reduced root growth after only 5 min (or 30 min at 30 µm Al), with Al being toxic by binding to the walls of outer cells, which directly inhibited their loosening in the elongation zone. An alteration in the biosynthesis and distribution of ethylene and auxin was a second, slower effect, causing both a transient decrease in the rate of cell elongation after 1.5 h but also a longer term gradual reduction in the length of the elongation zone. These findings show the importance of focusing on traits related to cell wall composition as well as mechanisms involved in wall loosening to overcome the deleterious effects of soluble Al.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
The primary lesion of aluminum exposure in soybean roots was apoplastic.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- Ale0
- Outcome
- primary lesion of Al is apoplastice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“examine soybean (Glycine max) roots exposed to Al. Using this multidisciplinary approach, we have conclusively shown that the primary lesion of Al is apoplastic.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 75 µm, aluminum reduced soybean root growth after only 5 min.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“75 µm Al reduced root growth after only 5 min (or 30 min at 30 µm Al)”
t0“Plant Roots”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) roots exposed to Al”
Claim · model-written summary
At 30 µm, aluminum reduced soybean root growth after 30 min.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“75 µm Al reduced root growth after only 5 min (or 30 min at 30 µm Al)”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) roots exposed to Al”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum bound outer-cell walls and inhibited loosening in the root elongation zone.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Ale0
- Outcome
- loosening in the elongation zonee0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- binding to the walls of outer cellse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al being toxic by binding to the walls of outer cells, which directly inhibited their loosening in the elongation zone”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) roots exposed to Al”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum altered ethylene and auxin biosynthesis and distribution in soybean roots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- biosynthesis and distribution of ethylene and auxine0
- Qualifier
- second, slower effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An alteration in the biosynthesis and distribution of ethylene and auxin was a second, slower effect”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) roots exposed to Al”
Claim · model-written summary
The slower aluminum effect transiently decreased cell elongation rate after 1.5 h.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- rate of cell elongatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 1.5 he0
- Qualifier
- transiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“causing both a transient decrease in the rate of cell elongation after 1.5 h but also a longer term gradual reduction in the length of the elongation zone”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) roots exposed to Al”
Claim · model-written summary
The slower aluminum effect gradually reduced elongation-zone length.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- length of the elongation zonee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- longer term graduale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“causing both a transient decrease in the rate of cell elongation after 1.5 h but also a longer term gradual reduction in the length of the elongation zone”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) roots exposed to Al”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend targeting cell-wall composition and loosening traits to overcome soluble aluminum injury.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- focusing on traits related to cell wall composition as well as mechanisms involved in wall looseninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“focusing on traits related to cell wall composition as well as mechanisms involved in wall loosening to overcome the deleterious effects of soluble Al”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) roots exposed to Al”
The same questions in other papers
aluminium atom · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
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- positive
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