Abstract
Abstract Soybean plants (Glycine max L. cv Santa Rosa) grown hydroponically in nutrient solutions had reduced nodule mass and numbers in the presence of aluminum (Al). Reduced nodule number was attributed mainly to hydrogen (H) ion toxicity, whereas Al had a stronger effect on nodule growth. Using a vertical split‐root system with Al exclusively in the lower (hydroponic) layer also resulted in a significant reduction of nodulation and nodule growth in the surface compartment (vermiculite). This indirect effect could be attributed mainly to Al rather than H. Subsurface Al had no apparent effect on shoot growth or root growth of the upper compartment, but significantly limited root growth in the lower compartment where it was applied. The indirect effect of Al on nodulation could be a reflection of the abnormal root growth in the lower compartment. Split‐root experiments with a high Al soil, however, produced different effects. High Al in soil used exclusively in the lower compartment did not reduce nodule numbers or mass in the upper compartment despite being more harmful than the Al solutions to nodulation and growth of plants when used in a single compartment. Growth of roots in the subsurface compartment was also much less affected by the high soil Al compared with the Al‐containing nutrient solutions. Nodule activity, as estimated by xylem sap ureide levels, was only reduced after direct exposure of nodules to Al. A pronounced increase in the ratio of asparagine/glutamine occurred in all Al treatments where nodulation was reduced, and in some cases, there was an increase in total amino acid concentration of the xylem sap.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum reduced soybean nodule mass and number.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Material
- Santa Rosae0
- Treatment
- aluminum (Al)e0
- Outcome
- nodule mass and numberse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean plants (Glycine max L. cv Santa Rosa) grown hydroponically in nutrient solutions had reduced nodule mass and numbers in the presence of aluminum (Al).”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced nodule number was attributed mainly to hydrogen ion toxicity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Compound
- hydrogen (H) ione0
- Outcome
- nodule numbere0
- Qualifier
- attributed mainly to hydrogen (H) ion toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduced nodule number was attributed mainly to hydrogen (H) ion toxicity”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum had a stronger effect on nodule growth than hydrogen ions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Compound
- Ale0
- Outcome
- nodule growthe0
- Direction
- stronger effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas Al had a stronger effect on nodule growth.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum applied only to lower roots significantly reduced nodulation and nodule growth in upper vermiculite.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Al exclusively in the lower (hydroponic) layere0
- Outcome
- nodulation and nodule growth in the surface compartmente0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Setting
- vermiculitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using a vertical split‐root system with Al exclusively in the lower (hydroponic) layer also resulted in a significant reduction of nodulation and nodule growth in the surface compartment (vermiculite).”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The indirect nodulation reduction was attributed mainly to aluminum rather than hydrogen.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Compound
- Ale0
- Outcome
- indirect effecte0
- Qualifier
- rather than He0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This indirect effect could be attributed mainly to Al rather than H.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsurface aluminum had no apparent effect on shoot or upper root growth.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Subsurface Ale0
- Outcome
- shoot growth or root growth of the upper compartmente0
- Direction
- no apparent effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Subsurface Al had no apparent effect on shoot growth or root growth of the upper compartment”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsurface aluminum significantly limited root growth where applied.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Subsurface Ale0
- Outcome
- root growth in the lower compartmente0
- Direction
- limitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Subsurface Al had no apparent effect on shoot growth or root growth of the upper compartment, but significantly limited root growth in the lower compartment where it was applied.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Abnormal lower root growth may explain indirect nodulation effects.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- indirect effect of Al on nodulatione0
- Qualifier
- abnormal root growth in the lower compartmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The indirect effect of Al on nodulation could be a reflection of the abnormal root growth in the lower compartment.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
High aluminum soil in lower compartment did not reduce upper nodule number or mass.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- High Al in soil used exclusively in the lower compartmente0
- Outcome
- nodule numbers or mass in the upper compartmente0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High Al in soil used exclusively in the lower compartment did not reduce nodule numbers or mass in the upper compartment”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
In a single compartment, high aluminum soil was more harmful than aluminum solutions to nodulation and growth.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- High Al in soile0
- Outcome
- nodulation and growth of plantse0
- Direction
- more harmfule0
- Comparator
- Al solutionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High Al in soil used exclusively in the lower compartment did not reduce nodule numbers or mass in the upper compartment despite being more harmful than the Al solutions to nodulation and growth of plants when used in a single compartment.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsurface root growth was less affected by high soil aluminum than by aluminum nutrient solution.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- high soil Ale0
- Outcome
- Growth of roots in the subsurface compartmente0
- Direction
- much less affectede0
- Comparator
- Al‐containing nutrient solutionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth of roots in the subsurface compartment was also much less affected by the high soil Al compared with the Al‐containing nutrient solutions.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nodule activity declined only after direct aluminum exposure.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- direct exposure of nodules to Ale0
- Outcome
- Nodule activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- as estimated by xylem sap ureide levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nodule activity, as estimated by xylem sap ureide levels, was only reduced after direct exposure of nodules to Al.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Asparagine/glutamine ratio rose in every aluminum treatment that reduced nodulation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Al treatmentse0
- Outcome
- ratio of asparagine/glutaminee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- where nodulation was reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A pronounced increase in the ratio of asparagine/glutamine occurred in all Al treatments where nodulation was reduced”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Total xylem sap amino acid concentration increased in some aluminum treatments.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Al treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total amino acid concentration of the xylem sape0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- in some casese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A pronounced increase in the ratio of asparagine/glutamine occurred in all Al treatments where nodulation was reduced, and in some cases, there was an increase in total amino acid concentration of the xylem sap.”
t0“soybean”
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.