Abstract
Polyamine metabolism and its relation to the induction of alpha-amylase formation in the aleurone layers of barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya) in response to gibberellic acid (GA(3)) has been investigated. A high-performance liquid chromatographic system has been employed for qualitative and quantitative analyses of putrescine (Put), cadaverine (Cad), spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm), and agmatine (Agm).Active polyamine metabolism occurs in the aleurone cells of deembryonate barley half seeds during imbibition. The aleurone layers isolated from fully imbibed half seeds contain about 880 nanomoles of Put, 920 nanomoles of Spd, and 610 nanomoles of Spm as free form per gram tissue dry weight while the levels of Cad and Agm are relatively low. The polyamine levels do not change significantly in the aleurone layers in response to added GA(3) (1.5 micromolar) during the 8-hour lag period of the growth substance-induced formation of alpha-amylase. Also, the polyamine levels are not altered by the presence of abscisic acid (3 micromolar) which inhibits the enzyme induction by GA(3). Kinetic studies show that both applied [U-(14)C]ornithine and [U-(14)C]arginine are primarily incorporated into Put during 2 hours of incubation, but the incorporation is not significantly affected by added GA(3). Additionally, added GA(3) does not affect the uptake and turnover of [1,4-(14)C]Put, nor does it affect the conversion of Put --> Spd or Spd --> Spm. Treatment of the aleurone layers with GA(3) for 2 hours results in no significant changes in the total activities or the specific activities of ornithine decarboxylase and arginine decarboxylase.Experiments with polyamine synthesis inhibitors demonstrate that the level of Spd in the aleurone layers could be substantially reduced by the presence of methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) during imbibition. MGBG treatment does not affect in vivo incorporation of [8-(14)C] adenosine into ATP. The lower the level of Spd the less alpha-amylase formation is induced by added GA(3). The reduction of GA(3)-induced alpha-amylase formation by MGBG treatment can be either completely or partially overcome by added Spd, depending upon the concentration of MGBG used in the imbibition medium. The results indicate that the early action of GA(3), with respect to induction of alpha-amylase formation in barley aleurone layers, appears to be not on polyamine metabolism. However, polyamines, particularly Spd, may be involved in regulation of the growth substance-dependent enzyme induction.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Active polyamine metabolism occurred during imbibition.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Organ / stage
- aleurone cellse0
- Outcome
- Active polyamine metabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Active polyamine metabolism occurs in the aleurone cells of deembryonate barley half seeds during imbibition”
Claim · model-written summary
Free Put content was about 880 nanomoles per gram dry tissue.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- Pute0
- Value
- 880 nanomolese0
- Qualifier
- per gram tissue dry weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“contain about 880 nanomoles of Put, 920 nanomoles of Spd, and 610 nanomoles of Spm as free form per gram tissue dry weight”
e1“barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya)”
Claim · model-written summary
Free Spd content was about 920 nanomoles per gram dry tissue.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- Spde0
- Value
- 920 nanomolese0
- Qualifier
- per gram tissue dry weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“contain about 880 nanomoles of Put, 920 nanomoles of Spd, and 610 nanomoles of Spm as free form per gram tissue dry weight”
e1“barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya)”
Claim · model-written summary
Free Spm content was about 610 nanomoles per gram dry tissue.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- Spme0
- Value
- 610 nanomolese0
- Qualifier
- per gram tissue dry weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“contain about 880 nanomoles of Put, 920 nanomoles of Spd, and 610 nanomoles of Spm as free form per gram tissue dry weight”
e1“barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cad and Agm levels were relatively low.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- levels of Cad and Agme0
- Direction
- relatively lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“levels of Cad and Agm are relatively low”
e1“barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya)”
Claim · model-written summary
GA(3) did not significantly change polyamine levels during the eight-hour lag period.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- added GA(3) (1.5 micromolar)e0
- Outcome
- polyamine levelse0
- Direction
- do not change significantlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“polyamine levels do not change significantly in the aleurone layers in response to added GA(3) (1.5 micromolar) during the 8-hour lag period”
e1“barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya)”
Claim · model-written summary
Abscisic acid did not alter polyamine levels.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- abscisic acid (3 micromolar)e0
- Outcome
- polyamine levelse0
- Direction
- not alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“polyamine levels are not altered by the presence of abscisic acid (3 micromolar)”
e1“barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ornithine and arginine were primarily incorporated into Put.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- incorporated into Pute0
- Qualifier
- during 2 hours of incubatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both applied [U-(14)C]ornithine and [U-(14)C]arginine are primarily incorporated into Put during 2 hours of incubation”
e1“barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya)”
Claim · model-written summary
GA(3) did not significantly affect incorporation into Put.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- added GA(3)e0
- Outcome
- incorporatione0
- Direction
- not significantly affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“incorporation is not significantly affected by added GA(3)”
e1“barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya)”
Claim · model-written summary
GA(3) did not affect Put uptake or turnover.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- added GA(3)e0
- Outcome
- uptake and turnover of [1,4-(14)C]Pute0
- Direction
- does not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“added GA(3) does not affect the uptake and turnover of [1,4-(14)C]Put”
e1“barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya)”
Claim · model-written summary
GA(3) did not affect Put-to-Spd or Spd-to-Spm conversion.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- added GA(3)e1
- Outcome
- conversion of Put --> Spd or Spd --> Spme0
- Direction
- does it affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nor does it affect the conversion of Put --> Spd or Spd --> Spm”
e1“added GA(3) does not affect the uptake”
e2“barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya)”
Claim · model-written summary
GA(3) did not significantly change total or specific activities of two decarboxylases.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- GA(3) for 2 hourse0
- Outcome
- total activities or the specific activities of ornithine decarboxylase and arginine decarboxylasee0
- Direction
- no significant changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment of the aleurone layers with GA(3) for 2 hours results in no significant changes in the total activities or the specific activities of ornithine decarboxylase and arginine decarboxylase”
e1“barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya)”
Claim · model-written summary
MGBG substantially reduced Spd level.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG)e0
- Outcome
- level of Spde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“level of Spd in the aleurone layers could be substantially reduced by the presence of methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG)”
e1“barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya)”
Claim · model-written summary
MGBG did not affect adenosine incorporation into ATP.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- MGBG treatmente0
- Outcome
- in vivo incorporation of [8-(14)C] adenosine into ATPe0
- Direction
- does not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MGBG treatment does not affect in vivo incorporation of [8-(14)C] adenosine into ATP”
e1“barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower Spd was associated with less GA(3)-induced alpha-amylase formation.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Compound
- Spde0
- Outcome
- alpha-amylase formatione0
- Direction
- lesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lower the level of Spd the less alpha-amylase formation is induced by added GA(3)”
e1“barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya)”
Claim · model-written summary
Added Spd partly or fully overcame MGBG reduction of GA(3)-induced alpha-amylase.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- added Spde0
- Outcome
- GA(3)-induced alpha-amylase formatione0
- Direction
- overcomee0
- Qualifier
- depending upon the concentration of MGBG usede0
- Comparator
- MGBG treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduction of GA(3)-induced alpha-amylase formation by MGBG treatment can be either completely or partially overcome by added Spd, depending upon the concentration of MGBG used”
e1“barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer early GA(3) action on alpha-amylase induction is not on polyamine metabolism.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- induction of alpha-amylase formatione0
- Qualifier
- not on polyamine metabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early action of GA(3), with respect to induction of alpha-amylase formation in barley aleurone layers, appears to be not on polyamine metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest polyamines, especially Spd, may regulate growth-substance-dependent enzyme induction.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Compound
- Spde0
- Outcome
- growth substance-dependent enzyme inductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“polyamines, particularly Spd, may be involved in regulation of the growth substance-dependent enzyme induction”
e1“barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya)”
The same questions in other papers
Gibberellic acid · molecular: metabolites · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Results differ
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →Gibberellic acid · nutrient: content · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
spermidine · molecular: metabolites · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.