Abstract
Water deficits during flowering decrease the number of seed-bearing pods in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Failure to set pods may indicate an inherent sensitivity to low tissue water potential (ψw) at critical stages of flower development. To test this, we measured the water status and pod set of flowers exposed to water deficits at various stages of development from bud to early ovary (pod) expansion. In well-watered (control) plants, the ψw of buds, flowers, and pods were about 0·2 to 0·3 MPa lower than leaf ψw at midday. The ψw of the reproductive structures decreased in concert with leaf ψw when water was withheld. Turgor, estimated from measurements of ψw and ψ$$$, was maintained at low Ww by osmotic adjustment at all flower stages. Upon rewatering, ψw of buds, anthesis-flowers, and expanding pods returned to control values within 1 d. The ψw of pods that had just formed but were not ‘set’ recovered more slowly. Water deficits imposed when flowers reached anthesis, pod set, or early pod expansion decreased the percentage of flowers that initiated pod expansion and maintained pod development. Inhibition of development was most pronounced in the anthesis-stress treatment in which only one-third as many flowers at mid-raceme positions set pods, compared to controls. None of these pods developed beyond 20 mm in length. The results indicate that sensitivity of soybean flowers to low ψw varies with raceme position and stage of flower development. Flowers in mid-raceme positions are particularly vulnerable to low ψw. Early ovary expansion is the critical stage in soybean reproductive development under drought conditions.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
In well-watered control plants, the water potential of buds, flowers and pods was about 0.2 to 0.3 MPa lower than leaf water potential at midday.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Outcome
- ψw of buds, flowers, and podse2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Value
- 0·2 to 0·3 MPae2
- Comparator
- leaf ψw at middaye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e2“In well-watered (control) plants, the ψw of buds, flowers, and pods were about 0·2 to 0·3 MPa lower than leaf ψw at midday”
Claim · model-written summary
The water potential of reproductive structures decreased with leaf water potential when water was withheld.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- water was withhelde3
- Outcome
- ψw of the reproductive structurese3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e3“The ψw of the reproductive structures decreased in concert with leaf ψw when water was withheld”
Claim · model-written summary
Turgor was maintained at low water potential by osmotic adjustment at all flower stages.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- flower stagese4
- Outcome
- Turgore4
- Qualifier
- osmotic adjustmente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e4“Turgor, estimated from measurements of ψw and ψ$$$, was maintained at low Ww by osmotic adjustment at all flower stages”
Claim · model-written summary
After rewatering, the water potential of buds, anthesis flowers and expanding pods returned to control values within one day.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- rewateringe5
- Outcome
- ψw of buds, anthesis-flowers, and expanding podse5
- Direction
- returnede5
- Value
- within 1 de5
- Comparator
- control valuese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e5“Upon rewatering, ψw of buds, anthesis-flowers, and expanding pods returned to control values within 1 d”
Claim · model-written summary
Pods that had just formed but were not set recovered their water potential more slowly after rewatering.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- ψw of pods that had just formed but were not ‘set’e6
- Direction
- recovered more slowlye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e6“The ψw of pods that had just formed but were not ‘set’ recovered more slowly”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficits imposed at anthesis, pod set or early pod expansion decreased the percentage of flowers that initiated and maintained pod development.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Water deficits imposed when flowers reached anthesis, pod set, or early pod expansione7
- Outcome
- percentage of flowers that initiated pod expansion and maintained pod developmente7
- Direction
- decreasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e7“Water deficits imposed when flowers reached anthesis, pod set, or early pod expansion decreased the percentage of flowers that initiated pod expansion and maintained pod development”
Claim · model-written summary
The anthesis-stress treatment reduced pod set at mid-raceme positions to about one-third of controls.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- anthesis-stress treatmente2
- Outcome
- flowers at mid-raceme positions set podse2
- Direction
- lowerinferrede2
- Value
- one-thirde2
- Comparator
- controlse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e2“Inhibition of development was most pronounced in the anthesis-stress treatment in which only one-third as many flowers at mid-raceme positions set pods, compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
No pods developed beyond 20 mm in length under water deficit.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- pods developed beyond 20 mm in lengthe2
- Value
- 20 mme2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)”
e2“None of these pods developed beyond 20 mm in length”
Claim · model-written summary
Sensitivity of soybean flowers to low water potential varies with raceme position and stage of flower development.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- stage of flower developmente0
- Outcome
- sensitivity of soybean flowers to low ψwe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicate that sensitivity of soybean flowers to low ψw varies with raceme position and stage of flower development”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowers at mid-raceme positions are particularly vulnerable to low water potential.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- mid-raceme positionse1
- Outcome
- vulnerable to low ψwe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicate that sensitivity of soybean flowers to low ψw varies with raceme position and stage of flower development”
e1“Flowers in mid-raceme positions are particularly vulnerable to low ψw”
Claim · model-written summary
Early ovary expansion is the critical stage in soybean reproductive development under drought.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Organ / stage
- early ovary expansione2
- Outcome
- critical stagee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Early ovary expansion is the critical stage in soybean reproductive development under drought conditions”
The same questions in other papers
drought · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
169 papers in the same direction as this paper · 41 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
207 papers more in this group
See all 211 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.